Manage image artifacts and show VM create progress

Stop relying on ad hoc rootfs handling by adding image promotion, managed work-seed fingerprint metadata, and lazy self-healing for older managed images after the first create.

Rebuild guest images with baked SSH access, a guest NIC bootstrap, and default opencode services, and add the staged Void kernel/initramfs/modules workflow so void-exp uses a matching Void boot stack.

Replace the opaque blocking vm.create RPC with a begin/status flow that prints live stages in the CLI while still waiting for vsock health and opencode on guest port 4096.

Validate with GOCACHE=/tmp/banger-gocache go test ./... and live void-exp create/delete smoke runs.

AGENTS.md

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
 - `make build` builds `./banger`, `./bangerd`, and the bundled `./runtime/banger-vsock-agent` guest helper.
 - `make bench-create` benchmarks `vm create` and first-SSH readiness on the current host.
 - `make runtime-bundle` bootstraps `./runtime/` from the archive referenced by `RUNTIME_MANIFEST`; the checked-in `runtime-bundle.toml` is only a template.
-- `make rootfs-void` builds an experimental local-only `x86_64-glibc` Void rootfs plus work-seed under `./runtime/`; it does not replace the default Debian path or teach `banger image build` about Void.
+- `make void-kernel` downloads and stages a Void `linux6.12` kernel under `./runtime/void-kernel`, including extracted `vmlinux`, raw `vmlinuz`, a matching generated `initramfs`, config, and matching modules.
+- `make rootfs-void` builds an experimental local-only `x86_64-glibc` Void rootfs plus work-seed under `./runtime/`; it prefers staged `./runtime/void-kernel` modules when present, but does not replace the default Debian path or teach `banger image build` about Void.
 - `make verify-void` registers `void-exp` and runs the normal smoke test against that image.
 - `banger` validates required host tools per command and reports actionable missing-tool errors; do not assume one workstation's package set.
 - `./banger vm create --name testbox` creates and starts a VM.
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@
 - Primary automated coverage is `go test ./...`.
 - Manual verification for VM lifecycle changes: `./banger vm create`, confirm SSH access, then stop/delete the VM.
 - For host-integration changes, run `./banger doctor` as a quick readiness check before the live VM smoke.
-- Rebuilt images now include `mise`, `opencode`, `tmux-resurrect`/`tmux-continuum` defaults for `root`, and the `banger-vsock-agent` service used by the SSH reminder and guest health-check path; if you change guest provisioning, document whether users need to rebuild `./runtime/rootfs-docker.ext4` or another base image to pick it up.
-- The experimental Void rootfs path now includes the repo's basic dev baseline plus Docker and Compose, alongside boot, SSH, the vsock HTTP health agent, pinned `mise` plus `opencode` for `root`, a `bash` root shell while leaving `/bin/sh` alone, and the `/root` work-seed. Keep further baked-in tooling deliberate and user-driven.
+- Rebuilt images now include `mise`, `opencode`, a host-reachable default `opencode` server service on guest TCP port `4096`, `tmux-resurrect`/`tmux-continuum` defaults for `root`, and the `banger-vsock-agent` service used by the SSH reminder and guest health-check path; if you change guest provisioning, document whether users need to rebuild `./runtime/rootfs-docker.ext4` or another base image to pick it up.
+- The experimental Void rootfs path now includes the repo's basic dev baseline plus Docker and Compose, alongside boot, SSH, a guest network bootstrap sourced from the kernel `ip=` cmdline, the vsock HTTP health agent, pinned `mise` plus `opencode` for `root`, the default host-reachable `opencode` server service on guest TCP port `4096`, a `bash` root shell while leaving `/bin/sh` alone, and the `/root` work-seed. When `./runtime/void-kernel/` exists, the Void image registration path expects a complete staged Void kernel, initramfs, and modules tree and points `void-exp` at it. Keep further baked-in tooling deliberate and user-driven.
 - Rebuilt images also emit a `work-seed.ext4` sidecar used to speed up future VM creates. If you touch `/root` provisioning, verify both the rootfs and the work-seed output.
 - The daemon may keep idle TAP devices in a pool for faster creates. Smoke tests should treat `tap-pool-*` devices as reusable capacity, not cleanup leaks.
 - If you add a new operational workflow, document how to exercise it in `README.md`.

Makefile

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ VOID_VM_NAME ?= void-dev
 
 .DEFAULT_GOAL := help
 
-.PHONY: help build banger bangerd test fmt tidy clean rootfs rootfs-void void-register void-vm verify-void install runtime-bundle runtime-package check-runtime bench-create
+.PHONY: help build banger bangerd test fmt tidy clean rootfs rootfs-void void-kernel void-register void-vm verify-void install runtime-bundle runtime-package check-runtime bench-create
 
 help:
 	@printf '%s\n' \
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ help:
 	  '  make tidy    Run go mod tidy' \
 	  '  make clean   Remove built Go binaries' \
 	  '  make rootfs  Rebuild the source-checkout default Debian rootfs image in ./runtime' \
+	  '  make void-kernel  Download and stage a Void kernel, initramfs, and modules under ./runtime/void-kernel' \
 	  '  make rootfs-void  Build an experimental Void Linux rootfs and work-seed in ./runtime' \
 	  '  make void-register  Register or update the experimental Void image as $(VOID_IMAGE_NAME)' \
 	  '  make void-vm  Register the experimental Void image and create a VM named $(VOID_VM_NAME)' \
@@ -107,11 +108,14 @@ install: build check-runtime
 rootfs:
 	BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR="$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))" ./make-rootfs.sh
 
+void-kernel:
+	BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR="$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))" ./make-void-kernel.sh
+
 rootfs-void:
 	BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR="$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))" ./make-rootfs-void.sh
 
 void-register: build
-	./banger image register --name "$(VOID_IMAGE_NAME)" --rootfs "$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))/rootfs-void.ext4" --work-seed "$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))/rootfs-void.work-seed.ext4" --packages "$(abspath packages.void)"
+	BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR="$(abspath $(RUNTIME_SOURCE_DIR))" VOID_IMAGE_NAME="$(VOID_IMAGE_NAME)" BANGER_BIN="$(abspath ./banger)" ./register-void-image.sh
 
 void-vm: void-register
 	./banger vm create --image "$(VOID_IMAGE_NAME)" --name "$(VOID_VM_NAME)"

README.md

@@ -212,10 +212,11 @@ banger image build --name docker-dev --docker
 
 Rebuilt images install a pinned `mise` at `/usr/local/bin/mise`, activate it
 for bash login and interactive shells, install `opencode` through `mise`,
-configure `tmux-resurrect` plus `tmux-continuum` for `root` with periodic
-autosaves and manual-only restore by default, and bake in the
-`banger-vsock-agent` systemd service used by the post-SSH reminder path and
-guest health checks. They
+expose `/usr/local/bin/opencode`, configure `tmux-resurrect` plus
+`tmux-continuum` for `root` with periodic autosaves and manual-only restore by
+default, start a host-reachable `opencode serve` service on guest TCP port
+`4096`, and bake in the `banger-vsock-agent` systemd service used by the
+post-SSH reminder path and guest health checks. They
 also emit a `work-seed.ext4` sidecar that lets new VMs clone a prepared `/root`
 work disk instead of rebuilding it from scratch on every create.
 
@@ -225,6 +226,17 @@ banger image show docker-dev
 banger image delete docker-dev
 ```
 
+Promote an existing unmanaged image into a managed one:
+```bash
+banger image promote default
+banger image promote void-exp
+```
+
+Promotion copies the image's `rootfs` and optional `work-seed` into the
+daemon's managed image state directory and keeps the same image ID, so existing
+VM references stay valid. The image's kernel, initrd, modules, and package
+manifest paths stay pointed at their current locations.
+
 `banger` auto-registers the bundled `default_rootfs` image when it exists. If
 the bundle does not include a separate base `rootfs.ext4`, `image build` falls
 back to using `rootfs-docker.ext4` as its default base image.
@@ -253,6 +265,10 @@ short best-effort HTTP and HTTPS probes; detected web listeners are shown as
 `https://<hostname>.vm:port/`. Older images without `ss` may need rebuilding
 before `vm ports` works.
 
+Newly rebuilt images also start `opencode serve` by default on guest TCP port
+`4096`, bound on guest interfaces so the host can reach it directly at the
+guest IP or via the endpoint shown by `banger vm ports`.
+
 ## Storage Model
 - VMs share a read-only base rootfs image.
 - Each VM gets its own sparse writable system overlay for `/`.
@@ -286,7 +302,8 @@ make rootfs
 ```
 
 That rebuild also regenerates `./runtime/rootfs-docker.work-seed.ext4`, which
-the daemon uses to speed up future `vm create` calls.
+the daemon uses to speed up future `vm create` calls, and bakes in the default
+host-reachable `opencode` server service.
 
 If your runtime bundle does not include `./runtime/rootfs.ext4`, pass an
 explicit base image instead:
@@ -303,25 +320,37 @@ make rootfs
 `make rootfs` expects a bootstrapped runtime bundle. If `./runtime/rootfs.ext4`
 is not available, pass an explicit `--base-rootfs` to `./make-rootfs.sh`.
 Existing VMs keep using their current image and disks; rebuilds only affect VMs
-created from the rebuilt image afterward.
+created from the rebuilt image afterward. Restarting an existing VM is not
+enough to pick up guest provisioning changes such as the default `opencode`
+server service.
 
 ## Experimental Void Rootfs
 There is also a separate, opt-in builder for an experimental Void Linux guest
 path:
 ```bash
+make void-kernel
 make rootfs-void
 ```
 
 That writes:
+- `./runtime/void-kernel/` when `make void-kernel` is used
 - `./runtime/rootfs-void.ext4`
 - `./runtime/rootfs-void.work-seed.ext4`
 
 This path is intentionally local-only and does not change the default Debian
-image flow. It reuses the current runtime bundle kernel, initrd, and modules,
-but builds a lean `x86_64-glibc` Void userspace with:
+image flow. `make void-kernel` stages an actual Void `linux6.12` kernel package
+under `./runtime/void-kernel/`, including the raw `vmlinuz`, extracted
+Firecracker `vmlinux`, a matching `initramfs`, the matching config, and the
+matching modules tree. The initramfs is generated locally with `dracut`
+against the downloaded Void sysroot so the kernel, initrd, and modules stay
+aligned. `make rootfs-void` then prefers that staged modules tree when it exists;
+otherwise it falls back to the runtime bundle modules. The rootfs builder
+itself still builds a lean `x86_64-glibc` Void userspace with:
 - `bash` installed for interactive/admin use
 - pinned `mise` installed at `/usr/local/bin/mise`, activated for `root` bash shells
 - `opencode` installed through `mise`, with `/usr/local/bin/opencode` available by default
+- a guest network bootstrap that configures the VM NIC from the kernel `ip=` boot arg
+- a host-reachable `opencode serve` runit service enabled on guest TCP port `4096`
 - `docker` plus `docker-compose` installed from Void packages
 - the `docker` runit service enabled, with Docker netfilter/forwarding kernel prep
 - `openssh` enabled under runit
@@ -333,26 +362,30 @@ It still keeps some Debian-oriented extras out for now:
 - no tmux plugin defaults
 
 The builder fetches official static XBPS tools and packages from the Void
-mirror during the build. It currently supports only `x86_64-glibc`.
+mirror during the build. The kernel fetcher and rootfs builder currently
+support only `x86_64`.
 
 The package set comes from [`packages.void`](/home/thales/projects/personal/banger/packages.void).
-You can override the mirror, size, or output path directly:
+You can override the mirror, size, output path, or kernel package directly:
 ```bash
+./make-void-kernel.sh --kernel-package linux6.12
 ./make-rootfs-void.sh --mirror https://repo-default.voidlinux.org --size 2G
 ```
 
 The fastest local iteration loop does not require changing your default image
 config at all:
 ```bash
+make void-kernel
 make rootfs-void
 make void-register
 ./banger vm create --image void-exp --name void-dev
 ./banger vm ssh void-dev
 ```
 
-Rebuild the Void rootfs and recreate existing `void-exp` VMs after changing the
-package set or guest provisioning; restart alone will not update the image
-contents or `/root` work-seed.
+Rebuild the staged Void kernel or Void rootfs, then recreate existing
+`void-exp` VMs after changing the package set, guest provisioning, or staged
+kernel artifacts; restart alone will not update the image contents, kernel, or
+`/root` work-seed.
 
 There is also a smoke path for the experimental image:
 ```bash
@@ -361,7 +394,9 @@ make verify-void
 
 `make void-register` uses the unmanaged image registration path to create or
 update a `void-exp` image record in place, so repeated rebuilds do not require
-editing `~/.config/banger/config.toml`.
+editing `~/.config/banger/config.toml`. It expects a complete staged Void
+kernel set under `./runtime/void-kernel/` and points the experimental image at
+the staged Void `vmlinux`, `initramfs`, and matching modules tree.
 
 There is also a one-step helper target:
 ```bash
@@ -390,6 +425,9 @@ banger image register \
   --name void-exp \
   --rootfs ./runtime/rootfs-void.ext4 \
   --work-seed ./runtime/rootfs-void.work-seed.ext4 \
+  --kernel ./runtime/void-kernel/boot/vmlinux-6.12.77_1 \
+  --initrd ./runtime/void-kernel/boot/initramfs-6.12.77_1.img \
+  --modules ./runtime/void-kernel/lib/modules/6.12.77_1 \
   --packages ./packages.void
 ```
 

customize.sh

@@ -418,6 +418,12 @@ DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y upgrade
 DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install ${APT_PACKAGES_ESCAPED}
 curl -fsSL https://mise.run | MISE_INSTALL_PATH=\"$MISE_INSTALL_PATH\" MISE_VERSION=\"$MISE_VERSION\" sh
 \"$MISE_INSTALL_PATH\" use -g github:anomalyco/opencode
+\"$MISE_INSTALL_PATH\" reshim
+if [[ ! -e /root/.local/share/mise/shims/opencode ]]; then
+  echo 'opencode shim not found after mise install' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+ln -snf /root/.local/share/mise/shims/opencode /usr/local/bin/opencode
 mkdir -p /etc/profile.d
 cat > /etc/profile.d/mise.sh <<'MISEPROFILE'
 if [ -n \"\${BASH_VERSION:-}\" ] && [ -x \"$MISE_INSTALL_PATH\" ]; then
@@ -441,6 +447,28 @@ fi
 rm -f /root/get-docker /root/get-docker.sh /tmp/get-docker /tmp/get-docker.sh
 chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/banger-vsock-agent
 mkdir -p /etc/modules-load.d /etc/systemd/system
+cat > /etc/systemd/system/banger-opencode.service <<'EOF'
+[Unit]
+Description=Banger opencode server
+After=network.target
+RequiresMountsFor=/root
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+Environment=HOME=/root
+WorkingDirectory=/root
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/opencode serve --hostname 0.0.0.0 --port 4096
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=1
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+chmod 0644 /etc/systemd/system/banger-opencode.service
+if command -v systemctl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  systemctl daemon-reload || true
+  systemctl enable --now banger-opencode.service || true
+fi
 cat > /etc/modules-load.d/banger-vsock.conf <<'EOF'
 vsock
 vmw_vsock_virtio_transport

examples/void-exp.config.toml

@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 # Copy the values you want into ~/.config/banger/config.toml and replace
 # /abs/path/to/banger with your checkout path. Do not set default_base_rootfs
 # to the Void image yet; banger image build still assumes the Debian flow.
+# If you run `make void-kernel`, also merge the commented kernel/initrd/modules lines.
 
 runtime_dir = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime"
 default_image_name = "void-exp"
 default_rootfs = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime/rootfs-void.ext4"
 default_work_seed = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime/rootfs-void.work-seed.ext4"
+# default_kernel = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime/void-kernel/boot/vmlinux-6.12.77_1"
+# default_initrd = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime/void-kernel/boot/initramfs-6.12.77_1.img"
+# default_modules_dir = "/abs/path/to/banger/runtime/void-kernel/lib/modules/6.12.77_1"

internal/api/types.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package api
 
-import "banger/internal/model"
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"banger/internal/model"
+)
 
 type Empty struct{}
 
@@ -24,6 +28,32 @@ type VMCreateParams struct {
 	NoStart           bool   `json:"no_start,omitempty"`
 }
 
+type VMCreateStatusParams struct {
+	ID string `json:"id"`
+}
+
+type VMCreateOperation struct {
+	ID        string          `json:"id"`
+	VMID      string          `json:"vm_id,omitempty"`
+	VMName    string          `json:"vm_name,omitempty"`
+	Stage     string          `json:"stage,omitempty"`
+	Detail    string          `json:"detail,omitempty"`
+	StartedAt time.Time       `json:"started_at,omitempty"`
+	UpdatedAt time.Time       `json:"updated_at,omitempty"`
+	Done      bool            `json:"done"`
+	Success   bool            `json:"success"`
+	Error     string          `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	VM        *model.VMRecord `json:"vm,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type VMCreateBeginResult struct {
+	Operation VMCreateOperation `json:"operation"`
+}
+
+type VMCreateStatusResult struct {
+	Operation VMCreateOperation `json:"operation"`
+}
+
 type VMRefParams struct {
 	IDOrName string `json:"id_or_name"`
 }

internal/cli/banger.go

@@ -46,6 +46,16 @@ var (
 	vmHealthFunc = func(ctx context.Context, socketPath, idOrName string) (api.VMHealthResult, error) {
 		return rpc.Call[api.VMHealthResult](ctx, socketPath, "vm.health", api.VMRefParams{IDOrName: idOrName})
 	}
+	vmCreateBeginFunc = func(ctx context.Context, socketPath string, params api.VMCreateParams) (api.VMCreateBeginResult, error) {
+		return rpc.Call[api.VMCreateBeginResult](ctx, socketPath, "vm.create.begin", params)
+	}
+	vmCreateStatusFunc = func(ctx context.Context, socketPath, operationID string) (api.VMCreateStatusResult, error) {
+		return rpc.Call[api.VMCreateStatusResult](ctx, socketPath, "vm.create.status", api.VMCreateStatusParams{ID: operationID})
+	}
+	vmCreateCancelFunc = func(ctx context.Context, socketPath, operationID string) error {
+		_, err := rpc.Call[api.Empty](ctx, socketPath, "vm.create.cancel", api.VMCreateStatusParams{ID: operationID})
+		return err
+	}
 	vmPortsFunc = func(ctx context.Context, socketPath, idOrName string) (api.VMPortsResult, error) {
 		return rpc.Call[api.VMPortsResult](ctx, socketPath, "vm.ports", api.VMRefParams{IDOrName: idOrName})
 	}
@@ -323,11 +333,11 @@ func newVMCreateCommand() *cobra.Command {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			result, err := rpc.Call[api.VMShowResult](cmd.Context(), layout.SocketPath, "vm.create", params)
+			vm, err := runVMCreate(cmd.Context(), layout.SocketPath, cmd.ErrOrStderr(), params)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			return printVMSummary(cmd.OutOrStdout(), result.VM)
+			return printVMSummary(cmd.OutOrStdout(), vm)
 		},
 	}
 	cmd.Flags().StringVar(&name, "name", "", "vm name")
@@ -575,6 +585,7 @@ func newImageCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	cmd.AddCommand(
 		newImageBuildCommand(),
 		newImageRegisterCommand(),
+		newImagePromoteCommand(),
 		newImageListCommand(),
 		newImageShowCommand(),
 		newImageDeleteCommand(),
@@ -651,6 +662,28 @@ func newImageRegisterCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return cmd
 }
 
+func newImagePromoteCommand() *cobra.Command {
+	return &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "promote <id-or-name>",
+		Short: "Promote an unmanaged image to a managed artifact",
+		Args:  exactArgsUsage(1, "usage: banger image promote <id-or-name>"),
+		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			if err := system.EnsureSudo(cmd.Context()); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			layout, _, err := ensureDaemon(cmd.Context())
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			result, err := rpc.Call[api.ImageShowResult](cmd.Context(), layout.SocketPath, "image.promote", api.ImageRefParams{IDOrName: args[0]})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return printImageSummary(cmd.OutOrStdout(), result.Image)
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 func newImageListCommand() *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "list",
@@ -1255,6 +1288,141 @@ type anyWriter interface {
 	Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
 }
 
+func runVMCreate(ctx context.Context, socketPath string, stderr io.Writer, params api.VMCreateParams) (model.VMRecord, error) {
+	begin, err := vmCreateBeginFunc(ctx, socketPath, params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.VMRecord{}, err
+	}
+	renderer := newVMCreateProgressRenderer(stderr)
+	renderer.render(begin.Operation)
+
+	op := begin.Operation
+	for {
+		if op.Done {
+			renderer.render(op)
+			if op.Success && op.VM != nil {
+				return *op.VM, nil
+			}
+			if strings.TrimSpace(op.Error) == "" {
+				return model.VMRecord{}, errors.New("vm create failed")
+			}
+			return model.VMRecord{}, errors.New(op.Error)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			cancelCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			defer cancel()
+			_ = vmCreateCancelFunc(cancelCtx, socketPath, op.ID)
+			return model.VMRecord{}, ctx.Err()
+		case <-time.After(200 * time.Millisecond):
+		}
+
+		status, err := vmCreateStatusFunc(ctx, socketPath, op.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				cancelCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				_ = vmCreateCancelFunc(cancelCtx, socketPath, op.ID)
+				return model.VMRecord{}, ctx.Err()
+			}
+			return model.VMRecord{}, err
+		}
+		op = status.Operation
+		renderer.render(op)
+	}
+}
+
+type vmCreateProgressRenderer struct {
+	out      io.Writer
+	enabled  bool
+	lastLine string
+}
+
+func newVMCreateProgressRenderer(out io.Writer) *vmCreateProgressRenderer {
+	return &vmCreateProgressRenderer{
+		out:     out,
+		enabled: writerSupportsProgress(out),
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *vmCreateProgressRenderer) render(op api.VMCreateOperation) {
+	if r == nil || !r.enabled {
+		return
+	}
+	line := formatVMCreateProgress(op)
+	if line == "" || line == r.lastLine {
+		return
+	}
+	r.lastLine = line
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(r.out, line)
+}
+
+func writerSupportsProgress(out io.Writer) bool {
+	file, ok := out.(*os.File)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	info, err := file.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return info.Mode()&os.ModeCharDevice != 0
+}
+
+func formatVMCreateProgress(op api.VMCreateOperation) string {
+	stage := strings.TrimSpace(op.Stage)
+	detail := strings.TrimSpace(op.Detail)
+	label := vmCreateStageLabel(stage)
+	if label == "" && detail == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if label == "" {
+		return "[vm create] " + detail
+	}
+	if detail == "" {
+		return "[vm create] " + label
+	}
+	return "[vm create] " + label + ": " + detail
+}
+
+func vmCreateStageLabel(stage string) string {
+	switch strings.TrimSpace(stage) {
+	case "queued":
+		return "queued"
+	case "resolve_image":
+		return "resolving image"
+	case "reserve_vm":
+		return "allocating vm"
+	case "preflight":
+		return "checking host prerequisites"
+	case "prepare_rootfs":
+		return "preparing root filesystem"
+	case "prepare_host_features":
+		return "preparing host features"
+	case "prepare_work_disk":
+		return "preparing work disk"
+	case "boot_firecracker":
+		return "starting firecracker"
+	case "wait_vsock_agent":
+		return "waiting for vsock agent"
+	case "wait_guest_ready":
+		return "waiting for guest services"
+	case "wait_opencode":
+		return "waiting for opencode"
+	case "apply_dns":
+		return "publishing dns"
+	case "apply_nat":
+		return "configuring nat"
+	case "finalize":
+		return "finalizing"
+	case "ready":
+		return "ready"
+	default:
+		return strings.ReplaceAll(stage, "_", " ")
+	}
+}
+
 func shortID(id string) string {
 	if len(id) <= 12 {
 		return id

internal/cli/cli_test.go

@@ -170,6 +170,17 @@ func TestImageRegisterFlagsExist(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestImagePromoteCommandExists(t *testing.T) {
+	root := NewBangerCommand()
+	image, _, err := root.Find([]string{"image"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("find image: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, _, err := image.Find([]string{"promote"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("find promote: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestVMKillFlagsExist(t *testing.T) {
 	root := NewBangerCommand()
 	vm, _, err := root.Find([]string{"vm"})
@@ -304,6 +315,95 @@ func TestVMCreateParamsFromFlagsRejectsNonPositiveCPUAndMemory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRunVMCreatePollsUntilDone(t *testing.T) {
+	origBegin := vmCreateBeginFunc
+	origStatus := vmCreateStatusFunc
+	origCancel := vmCreateCancelFunc
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		vmCreateBeginFunc = origBegin
+		vmCreateStatusFunc = origStatus
+		vmCreateCancelFunc = origCancel
+	})
+
+	vm := model.VMRecord{
+		ID:   "vm-id",
+		Name: "devbox",
+		Spec: model.VMSpec{WorkDiskSizeBytes: model.DefaultWorkDiskSize},
+		Runtime: model.VMRuntime{
+			State:   model.VMStateRunning,
+			GuestIP: "172.16.0.2",
+			DNSName: "devbox.vm",
+		},
+	}
+	vmCreateBeginFunc = func(context.Context, string, api.VMCreateParams) (api.VMCreateBeginResult, error) {
+		return api.VMCreateBeginResult{
+			Operation: api.VMCreateOperation{
+				ID:     "op-1",
+				Stage:  "prepare_work_disk",
+				Detail: "cloning work seed",
+			},
+		}, nil
+	}
+	statusCalls := 0
+	vmCreateStatusFunc = func(context.Context, string, string) (api.VMCreateStatusResult, error) {
+		statusCalls++
+		if statusCalls == 1 {
+			return api.VMCreateStatusResult{
+				Operation: api.VMCreateOperation{
+					ID:     "op-1",
+					Stage:  "wait_opencode",
+					Detail: "waiting for opencode on guest port 4096",
+				},
+			}, nil
+		}
+		return api.VMCreateStatusResult{
+			Operation: api.VMCreateOperation{
+				ID:      "op-1",
+				Stage:   "ready",
+				Detail:  "vm is ready",
+				Done:    true,
+				Success: true,
+				VM:      &vm,
+			},
+		}, nil
+	}
+	vmCreateCancelFunc = func(context.Context, string, string) error {
+		t.Fatal("cancel should not be called")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	got, err := runVMCreate(context.Background(), "/tmp/bangerd.sock", &bytes.Buffer{}, api.VMCreateParams{Name: "devbox"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runVMCreate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.Name != vm.Name || got.Runtime.GuestIP != vm.Runtime.GuestIP {
+		t.Fatalf("vm = %+v, want %+v", got, vm)
+	}
+	if statusCalls != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("statusCalls = %d, want 2", statusCalls)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVMCreateProgressRendererSuppressesDuplicateLines(t *testing.T) {
+	var stderr bytes.Buffer
+	renderer := &vmCreateProgressRenderer{out: &stderr, enabled: true}
+
+	renderer.render(api.VMCreateOperation{Stage: "prepare_work_disk", Detail: "cloning work seed"})
+	renderer.render(api.VMCreateOperation{Stage: "prepare_work_disk", Detail: "cloning work seed"})
+	renderer.render(api.VMCreateOperation{Stage: "wait_opencode", Detail: "waiting for opencode on guest port 4096"})
+
+	lines := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()), "\n")
+	if len(lines) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("rendered lines = %q, want 2 lines", stderr.String())
+	}
+	if lines[0] != "[vm create] preparing work disk: cloning work seed" {
+		t.Fatalf("first line = %q", lines[0])
+	}
+	if lines[1] != "[vm create] waiting for opencode: waiting for opencode on guest port 4096" {
+		t.Fatalf("second line = %q", lines[1])
+	}
+}
+
 func TestVMSetParamsFromFlagsConflict(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, err := vmSetParamsFromFlags("devbox", -1, -1, "", true, true); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("expected nat conflict error")

internal/daemon/capabilities.go

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) registeredCapabilities() []vmCapability {
 	}
 	return []vmCapability{
 		workDiskCapability{},
+		opencodeCapability{},
 		dnsCapability{},
 		natCapability{},
 	}
@@ -103,6 +104,14 @@ func (d *Daemon) prepareCapabilityHosts(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VMRecord,
 
 func (d *Daemon) postStartCapabilities(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image model.Image) error {
 	for _, capability := range d.registeredCapabilities() {
+		switch capability.Name() {
+		case "dns":
+			vmCreateStage(ctx, "apply_dns", "publishing vm dns record")
+		case "nat":
+			if vm.Spec.NATEnabled {
+				vmCreateStage(ctx, "apply_nat", "configuring nat")
+			}
+		}
 		if hook, ok := capability.(postStartCapability); ok {
 			if err := hook.PostStart(ctx, d, vm, image); err != nil {
 				return err
@@ -191,10 +200,11 @@ func (workDiskCapability) ContributeMachine(cfg *firecracker.MachineConfig, vm m
 }
 
 func (workDiskCapability) PrepareHost(ctx context.Context, d *Daemon, vm *model.VMRecord, image model.Image) error {
-	if err := d.ensureWorkDisk(ctx, vm, image); err != nil {
+	prep, err := d.ensureWorkDisk(ctx, vm, image)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return d.ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(ctx, vm)
+	return d.ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(ctx, vm, image, prep)
 }
 
 func (workDiskCapability) AddDoctorChecks(_ context.Context, d *Daemon, report *system.Report) {

internal/daemon/capabilities_test.go

@@ -143,3 +143,15 @@ func TestContributeHooksPopulateGuestAndMachineConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("guest fstab = %q, want %q", fstab, want)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRegisteredCapabilitiesIncludeOpencode(t *testing.T) {
+	d := &Daemon{}
+	var names []string
+	for _, capability := range d.registeredCapabilities() {
+		names = append(names, capability.Name())
+	}
+	want := []string{"work-disk", "opencode", "dns", "nat"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("capabilities = %v, want %v", names, want)
+	}
+}

internal/daemon/daemon.go

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ type Daemon struct {
 	runner         system.CommandRunner
 	logger         *slog.Logger
 	mu             sync.Mutex
+	createOpsMu    sync.Mutex
+	createOps      map[string]*vmCreateOperationState
 	vmLocksMu      sync.Mutex
 	vmLocks        map[string]*sync.Mutex
 	tapPoolMu      sync.Mutex
@@ -249,6 +251,27 @@ func (d *Daemon) dispatch(ctx context.Context, req rpc.Request) rpc.Response {
 		}
 		vm, err := d.CreateVM(ctx, params)
 		return marshalResultOrError(api.VMShowResult{VM: vm}, err)
+	case "vm.create.begin":
+		params, err := rpc.DecodeParams[api.VMCreateParams](req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return rpc.NewError("bad_request", err.Error())
+		}
+		op, err := d.BeginVMCreate(ctx, params)
+		return marshalResultOrError(api.VMCreateBeginResult{Operation: op}, err)
+	case "vm.create.status":
+		params, err := rpc.DecodeParams[api.VMCreateStatusParams](req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return rpc.NewError("bad_request", err.Error())
+		}
+		op, err := d.VMCreateStatus(ctx, params.ID)
+		return marshalResultOrError(api.VMCreateStatusResult{Operation: op}, err)
+	case "vm.create.cancel":
+		params, err := rpc.DecodeParams[api.VMCreateStatusParams](req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return rpc.NewError("bad_request", err.Error())
+		}
+		err = d.CancelVMCreate(ctx, params.ID)
+		return marshalResultOrError(api.Empty{}, err)
 	case "vm.list":
 		vms, err := d.store.ListVMs(ctx)
 		return marshalResultOrError(api.VMListResult{VMs: vms}, err)
@@ -376,6 +399,13 @@ func (d *Daemon) dispatch(ctx context.Context, req rpc.Request) rpc.Response {
 		}
 		image, err := d.RegisterImage(ctx, params)
 		return marshalResultOrError(api.ImageShowResult{Image: image}, err)
+	case "image.promote":
+		params, err := rpc.DecodeParams[api.ImageRefParams](req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return rpc.NewError("bad_request", err.Error())
+		}
+		image, err := d.PromoteImage(ctx, params.IDOrName)
+		return marshalResultOrError(api.ImageShowResult{Image: image}, err)
 	case "image.delete":
 		params, err := rpc.DecodeParams[api.ImageRefParams](req)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -405,6 +435,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) backgroundLoop() {
 			if err := d.stopStaleVMs(context.Background()); err != nil && d.logger != nil {
 				d.logger.Error("background stale sweep failed", "error", err.Error())
 			}
+			d.pruneVMCreateOperations(time.Now().Add(-10 * time.Minute))
 		}
 	}
 }

internal/daemon/daemon_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package daemon
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"net"
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"banger/internal/api"
 	"banger/internal/model"
+	"banger/internal/paths"
 	"banger/internal/rpc"
 	"banger/internal/store"
 )
@@ -368,6 +370,178 @@ func TestRegisterImageRejectsManagedOverwrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestPromoteImageCopiesArtifactsAndPreservesIdentity(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	rootfs, kernel, initrd, modulesDir, packages := writeDefaultImageArtifacts(t, dir)
+	workSeed := filepath.Join(dir, "rootfs-docker.work-seed.ext4")
+	workSeedContent := []byte("seed-data")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(workSeed, workSeedContent, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile(workSeed): %v", err)
+	}
+
+	db := openDefaultImageStore(t, dir)
+	now := time.Date(2026, time.March, 20, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	existing := model.Image{
+		ID:           "promote-image-id",
+		Name:         "default",
+		Managed:      false,
+		RootfsPath:   rootfs,
+		WorkSeedPath: workSeed,
+		KernelPath:   kernel,
+		InitrdPath:   initrd,
+		ModulesDir:   modulesDir,
+		PackagesPath: packages,
+		Docker:       true,
+		CreatedAt:    now,
+		UpdatedAt:    now,
+	}
+	if err := db.UpsertImage(context.Background(), existing); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertImage: %v", err)
+	}
+	vm := testVM("uses-default", existing.ID, "172.16.0.44")
+	if err := db.UpsertVM(context.Background(), vm); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertVM: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	d := &Daemon{
+		layout: modelPathsLayoutForTest(dir),
+		store:  db,
+	}
+
+	image, err := d.PromoteImage(context.Background(), "default")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PromoteImage: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !image.Managed {
+		t.Fatal("promoted image should be managed")
+	}
+	if image.ID != existing.ID || image.Name != existing.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("promoted image identity changed: %+v", image)
+	}
+	if !image.CreatedAt.Equal(existing.CreatedAt) {
+		t.Fatalf("CreatedAt = %s, want preserved %s", image.CreatedAt, existing.CreatedAt)
+	}
+	if !image.UpdatedAt.After(existing.UpdatedAt) {
+		t.Fatalf("UpdatedAt = %s, want newer than %s", image.UpdatedAt, existing.UpdatedAt)
+	}
+	wantArtifactDir := filepath.Join(d.layout.ImagesDir, existing.ID)
+	if image.ArtifactDir != wantArtifactDir {
+		t.Fatalf("ArtifactDir = %q, want %q", image.ArtifactDir, wantArtifactDir)
+	}
+	if image.RootfsPath != filepath.Join(wantArtifactDir, "rootfs.ext4") {
+		t.Fatalf("RootfsPath = %q, want managed copy", image.RootfsPath)
+	}
+	if image.WorkSeedPath != filepath.Join(wantArtifactDir, "work-seed.ext4") {
+		t.Fatalf("WorkSeedPath = %q, want managed copy", image.WorkSeedPath)
+	}
+	if image.KernelPath != kernel || image.InitrdPath != initrd || image.ModulesDir != modulesDir || image.PackagesPath != packages {
+		t.Fatalf("boot support paths changed unexpectedly: %+v", image)
+	}
+
+	rootfsContent, err := os.ReadFile(rootfs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile(rootfs): %v", err)
+	}
+	managedRootfsContent, err := os.ReadFile(image.RootfsPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile(managed rootfs): %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(managedRootfsContent, rootfsContent) {
+		t.Fatal("managed rootfs copy content mismatch")
+	}
+	managedWorkSeedContent, err := os.ReadFile(image.WorkSeedPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFile(managed work seed): %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(managedWorkSeedContent, workSeedContent) {
+		t.Fatal("managed work seed copy content mismatch")
+	}
+
+	got, err := db.GetImageByName(context.Background(), "default")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetImageByName: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.RootfsPath != image.RootfsPath || !got.Managed || got.ArtifactDir != image.ArtifactDir {
+		t.Fatalf("stored promoted image = %+v, want %+v", got, image)
+	}
+	gotVM, err := db.GetVMByID(context.Background(), vm.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetVMByID: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gotVM.ImageID != existing.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("VM image ID = %q, want preserved %q", gotVM.ImageID, existing.ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteImageRejectsManagedImage(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	rootfs, kernel, initrd, modulesDir, packages := writeDefaultImageArtifacts(t, dir)
+	db := openDefaultImageStore(t, dir)
+	now := time.Date(2026, time.March, 20, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	if err := db.UpsertImage(context.Background(), model.Image{
+		ID:           "managed-id",
+		Name:         "default",
+		Managed:      true,
+		ArtifactDir:  filepath.Join(dir, "images", "managed-id"),
+		RootfsPath:   rootfs,
+		KernelPath:   kernel,
+		InitrdPath:   initrd,
+		ModulesDir:   modulesDir,
+		PackagesPath: packages,
+		CreatedAt:    now,
+		UpdatedAt:    now,
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertImage: %v", err)
+	}
+	d := &Daemon{
+		layout: modelPathsLayoutForTest(dir),
+		store:  db,
+	}
+
+	_, err := d.PromoteImage(context.Background(), "default")
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "already managed") {
+		t.Fatalf("PromoteImage(managed) error = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPromoteImageSkipsMissingWorkSeed(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	rootfs, kernel, initrd, modulesDir, packages := writeDefaultImageArtifacts(t, dir)
+	db := openDefaultImageStore(t, dir)
+	now := time.Date(2026, time.March, 20, 12, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	existing := model.Image{
+		ID:           "promote-missing-seed",
+		Name:         "default",
+		Managed:      false,
+		RootfsPath:   rootfs,
+		WorkSeedPath: filepath.Join(dir, "missing.work-seed.ext4"),
+		KernelPath:   kernel,
+		InitrdPath:   initrd,
+		ModulesDir:   modulesDir,
+		PackagesPath: packages,
+		CreatedAt:    now,
+		UpdatedAt:    now,
+	}
+	if err := db.UpsertImage(context.Background(), existing); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertImage: %v", err)
+	}
+	d := &Daemon{
+		layout: modelPathsLayoutForTest(dir),
+		store:  db,
+	}
+
+	image, err := d.PromoteImage(context.Background(), "default")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PromoteImage: %v", err)
+	}
+	if image.WorkSeedPath != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("WorkSeedPath = %q, want empty for missing source work seed", image.WorkSeedPath)
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(image.ArtifactDir, "work-seed.ext4")); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		t.Fatalf("managed work-seed should not exist, stat error = %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func openDefaultImageStore(t *testing.T, dir string) *store.Store {
 	t.Helper()
 	db, err := store.Open(filepath.Join(dir, "state.db"))
@@ -405,6 +579,12 @@ func writeDefaultImageArtifacts(t *testing.T, dir string) (rootfs, kernel, initr
 	return rootfs, kernel, initrd, modulesDir, packages
 }
 
+func modelPathsLayoutForTest(dir string) paths.Layout {
+	return paths.Layout{
+		ImagesDir: filepath.Join(dir, "images"),
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStartVMDNSFailsWhenAddressBusy(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 

internal/daemon/fastpath_test.go

@@ -2,12 +2,17 @@ package daemon
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/pem"
 	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
+	"banger/internal/guest"
 	"banger/internal/model"
 )
 
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ func TestEnsureWorkDiskClonesSeedImageAndResizes(t *testing.T) {
 	image := testImage("image-seeded")
 	image.WorkSeedPath = seedPath
 
-	if err := d.ensureWorkDisk(context.Background(), &vm, image); err != nil {
+	if _, err := d.ensureWorkDisk(context.Background(), &vm, image); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("ensureWorkDisk: %v", err)
 	}
 	runner.assertExhausted()
@@ -90,3 +95,38 @@ func TestTapPoolWarmsAndReusesIdleTap(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	runner.assertExhausted()
 }
+
+func TestEnsureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDiskSkipsRepairForMatchingSeededFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	privateKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 1024)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GenerateKey: %v", err)
+	}
+	privateKeyPEM := pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
+		Type:  "RSA PRIVATE KEY",
+		Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(privateKey),
+	})
+	sshKeyPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "id_rsa")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(sshKeyPath, privateKeyPEM, 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WriteFile(private key): %v", err)
+	}
+	fingerprint, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKeyFingerprint(sshKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AuthorizedPublicKeyFingerprint: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	runner := &scriptedRunner{t: t}
+	d := &Daemon{
+		runner: runner,
+		config: model.DaemonConfig{SSHKeyPath: sshKeyPath},
+	}
+	vm := testVM("seeded-fastpath", "image-seeded-fastpath", "172.16.0.62")
+	vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath = filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "root.ext4")
+	image := model.Image{SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint: fingerprint}
+
+	if err := d.ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(context.Background(), &vm, image, workDiskPreparation{ClonedFromSeed: true}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk: %v", err)
+	}
+	runner.assertExhausted()
+}

internal/daemon/image_seed.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package daemon
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"banger/internal/guest"
+	"banger/internal/model"
+	"banger/internal/system"
+)
+
+func (d *Daemon) seedAuthorizedKeyOnExt4Image(ctx context.Context, imagePath string) (string, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(d.config.SSHKeyPath) == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	fingerprint, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKeyFingerprint(d.config.SSHKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("derive authorized ssh key fingerprint: %w", err)
+	}
+	publicKey, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKey(d.config.SSHKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("derive authorized ssh key: %w", err)
+	}
+	mountDir, cleanup, err := system.MountTempDir(ctx, d.runner, imagePath, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	if err := d.flattenNestedWorkHome(ctx, mountDir); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	sshDir := filepath.Join(mountDir, ".ssh")
+	if _, err := d.runner.RunSudo(ctx, "mkdir", "-p", sshDir); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if _, err := d.runner.RunSudo(ctx, "chmod", "700", sshDir); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	authorizedKeysPath := filepath.Join(sshDir, "authorized_keys")
+	existing, err := d.runner.RunSudo(ctx, "cat", authorizedKeysPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		existing = nil
+	}
+	merged := mergeAuthorizedKey(existing, publicKey)
+	tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "banger-image-authorized-keys-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	tmpPath := tmpFile.Name()
+	if _, err := tmpFile.Write(merged); err != nil {
+		_ = tmpFile.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+		return "", err
+	}
+	if err := tmpFile.Close(); err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(tmpPath)
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer os.Remove(tmpPath)
+	if _, err := d.runner.RunSudo(ctx, "install", "-m", "600", tmpPath, authorizedKeysPath); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return fingerprint, nil
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) refreshManagedWorkSeedFingerprint(ctx context.Context, image model.Image, fingerprint string) error {
+	if !image.Managed || strings.TrimSpace(image.WorkSeedPath) == "" || strings.TrimSpace(fingerprint) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	seededFingerprint, err := d.seedAuthorizedKeyOnExt4Image(ctx, image.WorkSeedPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if seededFingerprint == "" || seededFingerprint == image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint {
+		return nil
+	}
+	image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint = seededFingerprint
+	image.UpdatedAt = model.Now()
+	return d.store.UpsertImage(ctx, image)
+}

internal/daemon/imagebuild.go

@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@ import (
 
 	"banger/internal/firecracker"
 	"banger/internal/guest"
+	"banger/internal/guestnet"
 	"banger/internal/hostnat"
 	"banger/internal/model"
+	"banger/internal/opencode"
 	"banger/internal/system"
 	"banger/internal/vsockagent"
 )
@@ -103,6 +105,10 @@ func (d *Daemon) runImageBuildNative(ctx context.Context, spec imageBuildSpec) (
 		return err
 	}
 	defer client.Close()
+	authorizedKey, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKey(d.config.SSHKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	helperBytes, err := os.ReadFile(d.config.VSockAgentPath)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) runImageBuildNative(ctx context.Context, spec imageBuildSpec) (
 	if err := writeBuildLog(spec.BuildLog, "configuring guest"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := client.RunScript(ctx, buildProvisionScript(vm.Name, d.config.DefaultDNS, packages, spec.InstallDocker), spec.BuildLog); err != nil {
+	if err := client.RunScript(ctx, buildProvisionScript(vm.Name, d.config.DefaultDNS, string(authorizedKey), packages, spec.InstallDocker), spec.BuildLog); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if strings.TrimSpace(spec.ModulesDir) != "" {
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) shutdownImageBuildVM(ctx context.Context, vm imageBuildVM) erro
 	return d.waitForExit(ctx, vm.PID, vm.APISock, 15*time.Second)
 }
 
-func buildProvisionScript(vmName, dnsServer string, packages []string, installDocker bool) string {
+func buildProvisionScript(vmName, dnsServer, authorizedKey string, packages []string, installDocker bool) string {
 	var script bytes.Buffer
 	script.WriteString("set -euo pipefail\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(&script, "printf 'nameserver %%s\\n' %s > /etc/resolv.conf\n", shellQuote(dnsServer))
@@ -260,11 +266,14 @@ func buildProvisionScript(vmName, dnsServer string, packages []string, installDo
 	script.WriteString("sed -i '\\|^/dev/vdb[[:space:]]\\+/home[[:space:]]|d; \\|^/dev/vdc[[:space:]]\\+/var[[:space:]]|d' /etc/fstab\n")
 	script.WriteString("if ! grep -q '^tmpfs /run ' /etc/fstab; then echo 'tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults,nodev,nosuid,mode=0755 0 0' >> /etc/fstab; fi\n")
 	script.WriteString("if ! grep -q '^tmpfs /tmp ' /etc/fstab; then echo 'tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,nodev,nosuid,mode=1777 0 0' >> /etc/fstab; fi\n")
+	appendAuthorizedKeySetup(&script, authorizedKey)
 	script.WriteString("apt-get update\n")
 	script.WriteString("DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y upgrade\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(&script, "PACKAGES=%s\n", shellArray(packages))
 	script.WriteString("DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install \"${PACKAGES[@]}\"\n")
+	appendGuestNetworkSetup(&script)
 	appendMiseSetup(&script)
+	appendOpenCodeServiceSetup(&script)
 	appendTmuxSetup(&script)
 	appendVSockPingSetup(&script)
 	if installDocker {
@@ -279,6 +288,15 @@ func buildProvisionScript(vmName, dnsServer string, packages []string, installDo
 	return script.String()
 }
 
+func appendAuthorizedKeySetup(script *bytes.Buffer, authorizedKey string) {
+	script.WriteString("mkdir -p /root/.ssh\n")
+	script.WriteString("chmod 700 /root/.ssh\n")
+	script.WriteString("cat > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys <<'EOF'\n")
+	script.WriteString(strings.TrimSpace(authorizedKey))
+	script.WriteString("\nEOF\n")
+	script.WriteString("chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys\n")
+}
+
 func buildModulesCommand(modulesBase string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("bash -se <<'EOF'\nset -euo pipefail\nmkdir -p /lib/modules\ntar -C /lib/modules -xf -\ndepmod -a %s\nmkdir -p /etc/modules-load.d\nprintf 'nf_tables\\nnft_chain_nat\\nveth\\nbr_netfilter\\noverlay\\n' > /etc/modules-load.d/docker-netfilter.conf\nmkdir -p /etc/sysctl.d\ncat > /etc/sysctl.d/99-docker.conf <<'SYSCTL'\nnet.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1\nnet.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1\nnet.ipv4.ip_forward = 1\nSYSCTL\nsysctl --system >/dev/null 2>&1 || true\nEOF", shellQuote(modulesBase))
 }
@@ -286,6 +304,9 @@ func buildModulesCommand(modulesBase string) string {
 func appendMiseSetup(script *bytes.Buffer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(script, "curl -fsSL https://mise.run | MISE_INSTALL_PATH=%s MISE_VERSION=%s sh\n", shellQuote(defaultMiseInstallPath), shellQuote(defaultMiseVersion))
 	fmt.Fprintf(script, "%s use -g %s\n", shellQuote(defaultMiseInstallPath), shellQuote(defaultOpenCodeTool))
+	fmt.Fprintf(script, "%s reshim\n", shellQuote(defaultMiseInstallPath))
+	fmt.Fprintf(script, "if [[ ! -e %s ]]; then echo 'opencode shim not found after mise install' >&2; exit 1; fi\n", shellQuote(opencode.ShimPath))
+	fmt.Fprintf(script, "ln -snf %s %s\n", shellQuote(opencode.ShimPath), shellQuote(opencode.GuestBinaryPath))
 	script.WriteString("mkdir -p /etc/profile.d\n")
 	script.WriteString("cat > /etc/profile.d/mise.sh <<'EOF'\n")
 	fmt.Fprintf(script, "if [ -n \"${BASH_VERSION:-}\" ] && [ -x %s ]; then\n", shellQuote(defaultMiseInstallPath))
@@ -296,6 +317,28 @@ func appendMiseSetup(script *bytes.Buffer) {
 	appendLineIfMissing(script, "/etc/bash.bashrc", defaultMiseActivateLine)
 }
 
+func appendGuestNetworkSetup(script *bytes.Buffer) {
+	script.WriteString("mkdir -p /usr/local/libexec /etc/systemd/system\n")
+	script.WriteString("cat > " + guestnet.GuestScriptPath + " <<'EOF'\n")
+	script.WriteString(guestnet.BootstrapScript())
+	script.WriteString("EOF\n")
+	script.WriteString("chmod 0755 " + guestnet.GuestScriptPath + "\n")
+	script.WriteString("cat > /etc/systemd/system/" + guestnet.SystemdServiceName + " <<'EOF'\n")
+	script.WriteString(guestnet.SystemdServiceUnit())
+	script.WriteString("EOF\n")
+	script.WriteString("chmod 0644 /etc/systemd/system/" + guestnet.SystemdServiceName + "\n")
+	script.WriteString("if command -v systemctl >/dev/null 2>&1; then systemctl daemon-reload || true; systemctl enable --now " + guestnet.SystemdServiceName + " || true; fi\n")
+}
+
+func appendOpenCodeServiceSetup(script *bytes.Buffer) {
+	script.WriteString("mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system\n")
+	script.WriteString("cat > /etc/systemd/system/" + opencode.ServiceName + " <<'EOF'\n")
+	script.WriteString(opencode.ServiceUnit())
+	script.WriteString("EOF\n")
+	script.WriteString("chmod 0644 /etc/systemd/system/" + opencode.ServiceName + "\n")
+	script.WriteString("if command -v systemctl >/dev/null 2>&1; then systemctl daemon-reload || true; systemctl enable --now " + opencode.ServiceName + " || true; fi\n")
+}
+
 func appendTmuxSetup(script *bytes.Buffer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(script, "TMUX_PLUGIN_DIR=%s\n", shellQuote(defaultTMUXPluginDir))
 	fmt.Fprintf(script, "TMUX_RESURRECT_DIR=%s\n", shellQuote(defaultTMUXResurrectDir))

internal/daemon/imagebuild_test.go

@@ -8,14 +8,28 @@ import (
 func TestBuildProvisionScriptInstallsDefaultTools(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
-	script := buildProvisionScript("devbox", "1.1.1.1", []string{"git", "curl"}, false)
+	script := buildProvisionScript("devbox", "1.1.1.1", "ssh-ed25519 AAAATESTKEY banger", []string{"git", "curl"}, false)
 	for _, snippet := range []string{
+		"mkdir -p /root/.ssh",
+		"cat > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys <<'EOF'",
+		"ssh-ed25519 AAAATESTKEY banger",
+		"cat > /usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap <<'EOF'",
+		"ip addr replace \"$guest_ip/$prefix\" dev \"$iface\"",
+		"cat > /etc/systemd/system/banger-network.service <<'EOF'",
+		"systemctl enable --now banger-network.service || true",
 		"curl -fsSL https://mise.run | MISE_INSTALL_PATH='/usr/local/bin/mise' MISE_VERSION='v2025.12.0' sh",
 		"'/usr/local/bin/mise' use -g 'github:anomalyco/opencode'",
+		"'/usr/local/bin/mise' reshim",
+		"if [[ ! -e '/root/.local/share/mise/shims/opencode' ]]; then echo 'opencode shim not found after mise install' >&2; exit 1; fi",
+		"ln -snf '/root/.local/share/mise/shims/opencode' '/usr/local/bin/opencode'",
 		"cat > /etc/profile.d/mise.sh <<'EOF'",
 		"if [ -n \"${BASH_VERSION:-}\" ] && [ -x '/usr/local/bin/mise' ]; then",
 		`eval "$(/usr/local/bin/mise activate bash)"`,
 		`if ! grep -Fqx 'eval "$(/usr/local/bin/mise activate bash)"' '/etc/bash.bashrc'; then`,
+		"cat > /etc/systemd/system/banger-opencode.service <<'EOF'",
+		"RequiresMountsFor=/root",
+		"ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/opencode serve --hostname 0.0.0.0 --port 4096",
+		"systemctl enable --now banger-opencode.service || true",
 		`git clone --depth 1 'https://github.com/tmux-plugins/tpm' "$TMUX_PLUGIN_DIR/tpm"`,
 		`git clone --depth 1 'https://github.com/tmux-plugins/tmux-resurrect' "$TMUX_PLUGIN_DIR/tmux-resurrect"`,
 		`git clone --depth 1 'https://github.com/tmux-plugins/tmux-continuum' "$TMUX_PLUGIN_DIR/tmux-continuum"`,

internal/daemon/images.go

@@ -103,26 +103,33 @@ func (d *Daemon) BuildImage(ctx context.Context, params api.ImageBuildParams) (i
 		_ = os.RemoveAll(artifactDir)
 		return model.Image{}, err
 	}
+	seededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint, err := d.seedAuthorizedKeyOnExt4Image(ctx, workSeedPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = logFile.Sync()
+		_ = os.RemoveAll(artifactDir)
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
 	if err := writePackagesMetadata(rootfsPath, d.config.DefaultPackagesFile); err != nil {
 		_ = logFile.Sync()
 		_ = os.RemoveAll(artifactDir)
 		return model.Image{}, err
 	}
 	image = model.Image{
-		ID:           id,
-		Name:         name,
-		Managed:      true,
-		ArtifactDir:  artifactDir,
-		RootfsPath:   rootfsPath,
-		WorkSeedPath: workSeedPath,
-		KernelPath:   kernelPath,
-		InitrdPath:   initrdPath,
-		ModulesDir:   modulesDir,
-		PackagesPath: d.config.DefaultPackagesFile,
-		BuildSize:    params.Size,
-		Docker:       params.Docker,
-		CreatedAt:    now,
-		UpdatedAt:    now,
+		ID:                            id,
+		Name:                          name,
+		Managed:                       true,
+		ArtifactDir:                   artifactDir,
+		RootfsPath:                    rootfsPath,
+		WorkSeedPath:                  workSeedPath,
+		KernelPath:                    kernelPath,
+		InitrdPath:                    initrdPath,
+		ModulesDir:                    modulesDir,
+		PackagesPath:                  d.config.DefaultPackagesFile,
+		BuildSize:                     params.Size,
+		SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint: seededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint,
+		Docker:                        params.Docker,
+		CreatedAt:                     now,
+		UpdatedAt:                     now,
 	}
 	if err := d.store.UpsertImage(ctx, image); err != nil {
 		return model.Image{}, err
@@ -220,6 +227,105 @@ func (d *Daemon) RegisterImage(ctx context.Context, params api.ImageRegisterPara
 	return image, nil
 }
 
+func (d *Daemon) PromoteImage(ctx context.Context, idOrName string) (image model.Image, err error) {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+
+	op := d.beginOperation("image.promote")
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			op.fail(err, imageLogAttrs(image)...)
+			return
+		}
+		op.done(imageLogAttrs(image)...)
+	}()
+
+	image, err = d.FindImage(ctx, idOrName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+	if image.Managed {
+		return model.Image{}, fmt.Errorf("image %s is already managed", image.Name)
+	}
+	if err := validateImagePromotePaths(image.RootfsPath, image.KernelPath, image.InitrdPath, image.ModulesDir, image.PackagesPath); err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(d.layout.ImagesDir) == "" {
+		return model.Image{}, errors.New("images dir is not configured")
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(d.layout.ImagesDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+
+	artifactDir := filepath.Join(d.layout.ImagesDir, image.ID)
+	if _, statErr := os.Stat(artifactDir); statErr == nil {
+		return model.Image{}, fmt.Errorf("artifact dir already exists: %s", artifactDir)
+	} else if !os.IsNotExist(statErr) {
+		return model.Image{}, statErr
+	}
+
+	stageDir, err := os.MkdirTemp(d.layout.ImagesDir, image.ID+".promote-")
+	if err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+	cleanupStage := true
+	defer func() {
+		if cleanupStage {
+			_ = os.RemoveAll(stageDir)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	rootfsPath := filepath.Join(stageDir, "rootfs.ext4")
+	op.stage("copy_rootfs", "source_rootfs_path", image.RootfsPath, "target_rootfs_path", rootfsPath)
+	if err := system.CopyFilePreferClone(image.RootfsPath, rootfsPath); err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+
+	workSeedPath := ""
+	if image.WorkSeedPath != "" {
+		if _, statErr := os.Stat(image.WorkSeedPath); statErr != nil {
+			if os.IsNotExist(statErr) {
+				op.stage("skip_missing_work_seed", "source_work_seed_path", image.WorkSeedPath)
+				image.WorkSeedPath = ""
+			} else {
+				return model.Image{}, statErr
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if image.WorkSeedPath != "" {
+		workSeedPath = filepath.Join(stageDir, "work-seed.ext4")
+		op.stage("copy_work_seed", "source_work_seed_path", image.WorkSeedPath, "target_work_seed_path", workSeedPath)
+		if err := system.CopyFilePreferClone(image.WorkSeedPath, workSeedPath); err != nil {
+			return model.Image{}, err
+		}
+		image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint, err = d.seedAuthorizedKeyOnExt4Image(ctx, workSeedPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return model.Image{}, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint = ""
+	}
+
+	op.stage("activate_artifacts", "artifact_dir", artifactDir)
+	if err := os.Rename(stageDir, artifactDir); err != nil {
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+	cleanupStage = false
+
+	image.Managed = true
+	image.ArtifactDir = artifactDir
+	image.RootfsPath = filepath.Join(artifactDir, "rootfs.ext4")
+	if workSeedPath != "" {
+		image.WorkSeedPath = filepath.Join(artifactDir, "work-seed.ext4")
+	}
+	image.UpdatedAt = model.Now()
+	if err := d.store.UpsertImage(ctx, image); err != nil {
+		_ = os.RemoveAll(artifactDir)
+		return model.Image{}, err
+	}
+	return image, nil
+}
+
 func validateImageRegisterPaths(rootfsPath, workSeedPath, kernelPath, initrdPath, modulesDir, packagesPath string) error {
 	checks := system.NewPreflight()
 	checks.RequireFile(rootfsPath, "rootfs image", `pass --rootfs <path>`)
@@ -239,6 +345,22 @@ func validateImageRegisterPaths(rootfsPath, workSeedPath, kernelPath, initrdPath
 	return checks.Err("image register failed")
 }
 
+func validateImagePromotePaths(rootfsPath, kernelPath, initrdPath, modulesDir, packagesPath string) error {
+	checks := system.NewPreflight()
+	checks.RequireFile(rootfsPath, "rootfs image", `re-register the image with a valid rootfs`)
+	checks.RequireFile(kernelPath, "kernel image", `re-register the image with a valid kernel`)
+	if initrdPath != "" {
+		checks.RequireFile(initrdPath, "initrd image", `re-register the image with a valid initrd`)
+	}
+	if modulesDir != "" {
+		checks.RequireDir(modulesDir, "kernel modules dir", `re-register the image with a valid modules dir`)
+	}
+	if packagesPath != "" {
+		checks.RequireFile(packagesPath, "packages manifest", `re-register the image with a valid packages manifest`)
+	}
+	return checks.Err("image promote failed")
+}
+
 func writePackagesMetadata(rootfsPath, packagesPath string) error {
 	if rootfsPath == "" || packagesPath == "" {
 		return nil

internal/daemon/opencode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package daemon
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"banger/internal/model"
+	"banger/internal/opencode"
+)
+
+type opencodeCapability struct{}
+
+func (opencodeCapability) Name() string { return "opencode" }
+
+func (opencodeCapability) PostStart(ctx context.Context, d *Daemon, vm model.VMRecord, _ model.Image) error {
+	return opencode.WaitReady(ctx, d.logger, vm.Runtime.VSockPath, func(stage, detail string) {
+		vmCreateStage(ctx, stage, detail)
+	})
+}

internal/daemon/vm.go

@@ -49,10 +49,12 @@ func (d *Daemon) CreateVM(ctx context.Context, params api.VMCreateParams) (vm mo
 	if imageName == "" {
 		imageName = d.config.DefaultImageName
 	}
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "resolve_image", "resolving image")
 	image, err := d.FindImage(ctx, imageName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.VMRecord{}, err
 	}
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "resolve_image", "using image "+image.Name)
 	op.stage("image_resolved", imageLogAttrs(image)...)
 	name := strings.TrimSpace(params.Name)
 	if name == "" {
@@ -126,6 +128,8 @@ func (d *Daemon) CreateVM(ctx context.Context, params api.VMCreateParams) (vm mo
 			MetricsPath:   filepath.Join(vmDir, "metrics.json"),
 		},
 	}
+	vmCreateBindVM(ctx, vm)
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "reserve_vm", fmt.Sprintf("allocated %s (%s)", vm.Name, vm.Runtime.GuestIP))
 	if err := d.store.UpsertVM(ctx, vm); err != nil {
 		return model.VMRecord{}, err
 	}
@@ -168,6 +172,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) startVMLocked(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image mod
 		op.done(vmLogAttrs(vm)...)
 	}()
 	op.stage("preflight")
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "preflight", "checking host prerequisites")
 	if err := d.validateStartPrereqs(ctx, vm, image); err != nil {
 		return model.VMRecord{}, err
 	}
@@ -209,11 +214,13 @@ func (d *Daemon) startVMLocked(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image mod
 	}
 
 	op.stage("system_overlay", "overlay_path", vm.Runtime.SystemOverlay)
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_rootfs", "preparing system overlay")
 	if err := d.ensureSystemOverlay(ctx, &vm); err != nil {
 		return model.VMRecord{}, err
 	}
 
 	op.stage("dm_snapshot", "dm_name", dmName)
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_rootfs", "creating root filesystem snapshot")
 	handles, err := d.createDMSnapshot(ctx, image.RootfsPath, vm.Runtime.SystemOverlay, dmName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return model.VMRecord{}, err
@@ -241,10 +248,12 @@ func (d *Daemon) startVMLocked(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image mod
 	}
 
 	op.stage("patch_root_overlay")
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_rootfs", "writing guest configuration")
 	if err := d.patchRootOverlay(ctx, vm, image); err != nil {
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
 	op.stage("prepare_host_features")
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_host_features", "preparing host-side vm features")
 	if err := d.prepareCapabilityHosts(ctx, &vm, image); err != nil {
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
@@ -265,6 +274,7 @@ func (d *Daemon) startVMLocked(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image mod
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
 	op.stage("firecracker_launch", "log_path", vm.Runtime.LogPath, "metrics_path", vm.Runtime.MetricsPath)
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "boot_firecracker", "starting firecracker")
 	firecrackerCtx := context.Background()
 	machineConfig := firecracker.MachineConfig{
 		BinaryPath:      fcPath,
@@ -304,15 +314,18 @@ func (d *Daemon) startVMLocked(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image mod
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
 	op.stage("vsock_access", "vsock_path", vm.Runtime.VSockPath, "vsock_cid", vm.Runtime.VSockCID)
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "wait_vsock_agent", "waiting for guest vsock agent")
 	if err := d.ensureSocketAccess(ctx, vm.Runtime.VSockPath, "firecracker vsock socket"); err != nil {
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
 	op.stage("post_start_features")
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "wait_guest_ready", "waiting for guest services")
 	if err := d.postStartCapabilities(ctx, vm, image); err != nil {
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
 	system.TouchNow(&vm)
 	op.stage("persist")
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "finalize", "saving vm state")
 	if err := d.store.UpsertVM(ctx, vm); err != nil {
 		return cleanupOnErr(err)
 	}
@@ -777,58 +790,75 @@ func (d *Daemon) patchRootOverlay(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord, image
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (d *Daemon) ensureWorkDisk(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VMRecord, image model.Image) error {
+type workDiskPreparation struct {
+	ClonedFromSeed bool
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) ensureWorkDisk(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VMRecord, image model.Image) (workDiskPreparation, error) {
 	if exists(vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath) {
-		return nil
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, nil
 	}
 	if exists(image.WorkSeedPath) {
+		vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "cloning work seed")
 		if err := system.CopyFilePreferClone(image.WorkSeedPath, vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 		}
 		seedInfo, err := os.Stat(image.WorkSeedPath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 		}
 		if vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes < seedInfo.Size() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("requested work disk size %d is smaller than seed image %d", vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes, seedInfo.Size())
+			return workDiskPreparation{}, fmt.Errorf("requested work disk size %d is smaller than seed image %d", vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes, seedInfo.Size())
 		}
 		if vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes > seedInfo.Size() {
+			vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "resizing work disk")
 			if err := system.ResizeExt4Image(ctx, d.runner, vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath, vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes); err != nil {
-				return err
+				return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 			}
 		}
-		return nil
+		return workDiskPreparation{ClonedFromSeed: true}, nil
 	}
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "creating empty work disk")
 	if _, err := d.runner.Run(ctx, "truncate", "-s", strconv.FormatInt(vm.Spec.WorkDiskSizeBytes, 10), vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
 	if _, err := d.runner.Run(ctx, "mkfs.ext4", "-F", vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
 	rootMount, cleanupRoot, err := system.MountTempDir(ctx, d.runner, vm.Runtime.DMDev, true)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
 	defer cleanupRoot()
 	workMount, cleanupWork, err := system.MountTempDir(ctx, d.runner, vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
 	defer cleanupWork()
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "copying /root into work disk")
 	if err := system.CopyDirContents(ctx, d.runner, filepath.Join(rootMount, "root"), workMount, true); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
 	if err := d.flattenNestedWorkHome(ctx, workMount); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return workDiskPreparation{}, err
 	}
-	return nil
+	return workDiskPreparation{}, nil
 }
 
-func (d *Daemon) ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VMRecord) error {
+func (d *Daemon) ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VMRecord, image model.Image, prep workDiskPreparation) error {
+	fingerprint, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKeyFingerprint(d.config.SSHKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("derive authorized ssh key fingerprint: %w", err)
+	}
+	if prep.ClonedFromSeed && image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint != "" && image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint == fingerprint {
+		vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "using seeded SSH access")
+		return nil
+	}
 	publicKey, err := guest.AuthorizedPublicKey(d.config.SSHKeyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("derive authorized ssh key: %w", err)
 	}
+	vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "repairing SSH access on work disk")
 	workMount, cleanupWork, err := system.MountTempDir(ctx, d.runner, vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -873,6 +903,12 @@ func (d *Daemon) ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(ctx context.Context, vm *model.VM
 	if _, err := d.runner.RunSudo(ctx, "install", "-m", "600", tmpPath, authorizedKeysPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if prep.ClonedFromSeed && image.Managed {
+		vmCreateStage(ctx, "prepare_work_disk", "refreshing managed work seed")
+		if err := d.refreshManagedWorkSeedFingerprint(ctx, image, fingerprint); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 

internal/daemon/vm_create_ops.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package daemon
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"banger/internal/api"
+	"banger/internal/model"
+)
+
+type vmCreateProgressKey struct{}
+
+type vmCreateOperationState struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	op     api.VMCreateOperation
+}
+
+func newVMCreateOperationState() (*vmCreateOperationState, error) {
+	id, err := model.NewID()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	now := model.Now()
+	return &vmCreateOperationState{
+		op: api.VMCreateOperation{
+			ID:        id,
+			Stage:     "queued",
+			Detail:    "waiting to start",
+			StartedAt: now,
+			UpdatedAt: now,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func withVMCreateProgress(ctx context.Context, op *vmCreateOperationState) context.Context {
+	if op == nil {
+		return ctx
+	}
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, vmCreateProgressKey{}, op)
+}
+
+func vmCreateProgressFromContext(ctx context.Context) *vmCreateOperationState {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	op, _ := ctx.Value(vmCreateProgressKey{}).(*vmCreateOperationState)
+	return op
+}
+
+func vmCreateStage(ctx context.Context, stage, detail string) {
+	if op := vmCreateProgressFromContext(ctx); op != nil {
+		op.stage(stage, detail)
+	}
+}
+
+func vmCreateBindVM(ctx context.Context, vm model.VMRecord) {
+	if op := vmCreateProgressFromContext(ctx); op != nil {
+		op.bindVM(vm)
+	}
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) setCancel(cancel context.CancelFunc) {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	op.cancel = cancel
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) bindVM(vm model.VMRecord) {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	op.op.VMID = vm.ID
+	op.op.VMName = vm.Name
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) stage(stage, detail string) {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	stage = strings.TrimSpace(stage)
+	detail = strings.TrimSpace(detail)
+	if stage == "" {
+		stage = op.op.Stage
+	}
+	if stage == op.op.Stage && detail == op.op.Detail {
+		return
+	}
+	op.op.Stage = stage
+	op.op.Detail = detail
+	op.op.UpdatedAt = model.Now()
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) done(vm model.VMRecord) {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	vmCopy := vm
+	op.op.VMID = vm.ID
+	op.op.VMName = vm.Name
+	op.op.Stage = "ready"
+	op.op.Detail = "vm is ready"
+	op.op.Done = true
+	op.op.Success = true
+	op.op.Error = ""
+	op.op.VM = &vmCopy
+	op.op.UpdatedAt = model.Now()
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) fail(err error) {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	op.op.Done = true
+	op.op.Success = false
+	if err != nil {
+		op.op.Error = err.Error()
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(op.op.Detail) == "" {
+		op.op.Detail = "vm create failed"
+	}
+	op.op.UpdatedAt = model.Now()
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) snapshot() api.VMCreateOperation {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	defer op.mu.Unlock()
+	snapshot := op.op
+	if snapshot.VM != nil {
+		vmCopy := *snapshot.VM
+		snapshot.VM = &vmCopy
+	}
+	return snapshot
+}
+
+func (op *vmCreateOperationState) cancelOperation() {
+	op.mu.Lock()
+	cancel := op.cancel
+	op.mu.Unlock()
+	if cancel != nil {
+		cancel()
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) BeginVMCreate(_ context.Context, params api.VMCreateParams) (api.VMCreateOperation, error) {
+	op, err := newVMCreateOperationState()
+	if err != nil {
+		return api.VMCreateOperation{}, err
+	}
+	createCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	op.setCancel(cancel)
+
+	d.createOpsMu.Lock()
+	if d.createOps == nil {
+		d.createOps = map[string]*vmCreateOperationState{}
+	}
+	d.createOps[op.op.ID] = op
+	d.createOpsMu.Unlock()
+
+	go d.runVMCreateOperation(withVMCreateProgress(createCtx, op), op, params)
+	return op.snapshot(), nil
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) runVMCreateOperation(ctx context.Context, op *vmCreateOperationState, params api.VMCreateParams) {
+	vm, err := d.CreateVM(ctx, params)
+	if err != nil {
+		op.fail(err)
+		return
+	}
+	op.done(vm)
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) VMCreateStatus(_ context.Context, id string) (api.VMCreateOperation, error) {
+	d.createOpsMu.Lock()
+	op, ok := d.createOps[strings.TrimSpace(id)]
+	d.createOpsMu.Unlock()
+	if !ok {
+		return api.VMCreateOperation{}, fmt.Errorf("vm create operation not found: %s", id)
+	}
+	return op.snapshot(), nil
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) CancelVMCreate(_ context.Context, id string) error {
+	d.createOpsMu.Lock()
+	op, ok := d.createOps[strings.TrimSpace(id)]
+	d.createOpsMu.Unlock()
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("vm create operation not found: %s", id)
+	}
+	op.cancelOperation()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *Daemon) pruneVMCreateOperations(olderThan time.Time) {
+	d.createOpsMu.Lock()
+	defer d.createOpsMu.Unlock()
+	for id, op := range d.createOps {
+		snapshot := op.snapshot()
+		if !snapshot.Done {
+			continue
+		}
+		if snapshot.UpdatedAt.Before(olderThan) {
+			delete(d.createOps, id)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/daemon/vm_test.go

@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ func TestEnsureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDiskRepairsNestedRootLayout(t *testing.T) {
 	vm := testVM("seed-repair", "image-seed-repair", "172.16.0.61")
 	vm.Runtime.WorkDiskPath = workDiskDir
 
-	if err := d.ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(context.Background(), &vm); err != nil {
+	if err := d.ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk(context.Background(), &vm, model.Image{}, workDiskPreparation{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("ensureAuthorizedKeyOnWorkDisk: %v", err)
 	}
 	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(workDiskDir, "root")); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
@@ -748,6 +748,61 @@ func TestCreateVMRejectsNonPositiveCPUAndMemory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBeginVMCreateCompletesAndReturnsStatus(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := openDaemonStore(t)
+	image := testImage("default")
+	image.ID = "default-image-id"
+	image.Name = "default"
+	if err := db.UpsertImage(ctx, image); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("UpsertImage: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	d := &Daemon{
+		store: db,
+		layout: paths.Layout{
+			VMsDir: t.TempDir(),
+		},
+		config: model.DaemonConfig{
+			DefaultImageName: image.Name,
+			BridgeIP:         model.DefaultBridgeIP,
+		},
+	}
+
+	op, err := d.BeginVMCreate(ctx, api.VMCreateParams{Name: "queued", NoStart: true})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BeginVMCreate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if op.ID == "" {
+		t.Fatal("operation id should be populated")
+	}
+
+	deadline := time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second)
+	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
+		status, err := d.VMCreateStatus(ctx, op.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("VMCreateStatus: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !status.Done {
+			time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+			continue
+		}
+		if !status.Success {
+			t.Fatalf("status = %+v, want success", status)
+		}
+		if status.VM == nil || status.VM.Name != "queued" {
+			t.Fatalf("status VM = %+v, want queued vm", status.VM)
+		}
+		if status.VM.State != model.VMStateStopped {
+			t.Fatalf("status VM state = %s, want stopped", status.VM.State)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	t.Fatal("vm create operation did not finish before timeout")
+}
+
 func TestCreateVMUsesDefaultsWhenCPUAndMemoryOmitted(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	db := openDaemonStore(t)

internal/guest/ssh.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"archive/tar"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -137,6 +139,15 @@ func AuthorizedPublicKey(path string) ([]byte, error) {
 	return ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(signer.PublicKey()), nil
 }
 
+func AuthorizedPublicKeyFingerprint(path string) (string, error) {
+	key, err := AuthorizedPublicKey(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(strings.TrimSpace(string(key))))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
+}
+
 func shellQuote(value string) string {
 	return "'" + strings.ReplaceAll(value, "'", `'"'"'`) + "'"
 }

internal/guestnet/assets/bootstrap.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+
+PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
+
+if ! command -v ip >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+cmdline="$(cat /proc/cmdline 2>/dev/null || true)"
+ip_arg=""
+for arg in $cmdline; do
+  case "$arg" in
+    ip=*)
+      ip_arg="${arg#ip=}"
+      break
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$ip_arg" ]; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+field() {
+  printf '%s' "$ip_arg" | cut -d: -f"$1"
+}
+
+mask_to_prefix() {
+  case "$1" in
+    [0-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-2])
+      printf '%s\n' "$1"
+      return 0
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  prefix=0
+  old_ifs=$IFS
+  IFS=.
+  set -- $1
+  IFS=$old_ifs
+  if [ "$#" -ne 4 ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  for octet in "$@"; do
+    case "$octet" in
+      255) prefix=$((prefix + 8)) ;;
+      254) prefix=$((prefix + 7)) ;;
+      252) prefix=$((prefix + 6)) ;;
+      248) prefix=$((prefix + 5)) ;;
+      240) prefix=$((prefix + 4)) ;;
+      224) prefix=$((prefix + 3)) ;;
+      192) prefix=$((prefix + 2)) ;;
+      128) prefix=$((prefix + 1)) ;;
+      0) ;;
+      *) return 1 ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  printf '%s\n' "$prefix"
+}
+
+find_iface() {
+  hint="$1"
+  if [ -n "$hint" ] && [ -d "/sys/class/net/$hint" ]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "$hint"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  for path in /sys/class/net/*; do
+    [ -e "$path" ] || continue
+    iface="${path##*/}"
+    if [ "$iface" = "lo" ]; then
+      continue
+    fi
+    printf '%s\n' "$iface"
+    return 0
+  done
+
+  return 1
+}
+
+guest_ip="$(field 1)"
+gateway_ip="$(field 3)"
+netmask="$(field 4)"
+iface_hint="$(field 6)"
+dns1="$(field 8)"
+dns2="$(field 9)"
+
+if [ -z "$guest_ip" ]; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+iface=""
+attempt=0
+while [ "$attempt" -lt 50 ]; do
+  iface="$(find_iface "$iface_hint" || true)"
+  if [ -n "$iface" ]; then
+    break
+  fi
+  attempt=$((attempt + 1))
+  sleep 0.2
+done
+
+if [ -z "$iface" ]; then
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+prefix="$(mask_to_prefix "$netmask" || printf '24\n')"
+
+ip link set "$iface" up
+ip addr replace "$guest_ip/$prefix" dev "$iface"
+
+if [ -n "$gateway_ip" ]; then
+  ip route replace default via "$gateway_ip" dev "$iface"
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$dns1" ] || [ -n "$dns2" ]; then
+  tmp_resolv="/tmp/.banger-resolv.conf.$$"
+  : > "$tmp_resolv"
+  if [ -n "$dns1" ]; then
+    printf 'nameserver %s\n' "$dns1" >> "$tmp_resolv"
+  fi
+  if [ -n "$dns2" ]; then
+    printf 'nameserver %s\n' "$dns2" >> "$tmp_resolv"
+  fi
+  if [ -s "$tmp_resolv" ]; then
+    cat "$tmp_resolv" > /etc/resolv.conf
+  fi
+  rm -f "$tmp_resolv"
+fi

internal/guestnet/assets/systemd.service

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=Banger guest network bootstrap
+After=local-fs.target
+Before=network.target network-online.target
+ConditionPathExists=/proc/cmdline
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target

internal/guestnet/assets/void-core-service.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+if [ -x /usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap ]; then
+  /usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap
+fi

internal/guestnet/guestnet.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package guestnet
+
+import _ "embed"
+
+const (
+	GuestScriptPath     = "/usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap"
+	SystemdServiceName  = "banger-network.service"
+	VoidCoreServicePath = "/etc/runit/core-services/20-banger-network.sh"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed assets/bootstrap.sh
+	bootstrapScript string
+	//go:embed assets/systemd.service
+	systemdService string
+	//go:embed assets/void-core-service.sh
+	voidCoreService string
+)
+
+func BootstrapScript() string {
+	return bootstrapScript
+}
+
+func SystemdServiceUnit() string {
+	return systemdService
+}
+
+func VoidCoreService() string {
+	return voidCoreService
+}

internal/model/types.go

@@ -61,20 +61,21 @@ type DaemonConfig struct {
 }
 
 type Image struct {
-	ID           string    `json:"id"`
-	Name         string    `json:"name"`
-	Managed      bool      `json:"managed"`
-	ArtifactDir  string    `json:"artifact_dir,omitempty"`
-	RootfsPath   string    `json:"rootfs_path"`
-	WorkSeedPath string    `json:"work_seed_path,omitempty"`
-	KernelPath   string    `json:"kernel_path"`
-	InitrdPath   string    `json:"initrd_path,omitempty"`
-	ModulesDir   string    `json:"modules_dir,omitempty"`
-	PackagesPath string    `json:"packages_path,omitempty"`
-	BuildSize    string    `json:"build_size,omitempty"`
-	Docker       bool      `json:"docker"`
-	CreatedAt    time.Time `json:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt    time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
+	ID                            string    `json:"id"`
+	Name                          string    `json:"name"`
+	Managed                       bool      `json:"managed"`
+	ArtifactDir                   string    `json:"artifact_dir,omitempty"`
+	RootfsPath                    string    `json:"rootfs_path"`
+	WorkSeedPath                  string    `json:"work_seed_path,omitempty"`
+	KernelPath                    string    `json:"kernel_path"`
+	InitrdPath                    string    `json:"initrd_path,omitempty"`
+	ModulesDir                    string    `json:"modules_dir,omitempty"`
+	PackagesPath                  string    `json:"packages_path,omitempty"`
+	BuildSize                     string    `json:"build_size,omitempty"`
+	SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint string    `json:"seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint,omitempty"`
+	Docker                        bool      `json:"docker"`
+	CreatedAt                     time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt                     time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 }
 
 type VMSpec struct {

internal/opencode/opencode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package opencode
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"banger/internal/vsockagent"
+)
+
+const (
+	Port             = 4096
+	Host             = "0.0.0.0"
+	GuestBinaryPath  = "/usr/local/bin/opencode"
+	ShimPath         = "/root/.local/share/mise/shims/opencode"
+	ServiceName      = "banger-opencode.service"
+	RunitServiceName = "banger-opencode"
+	ReadyTimeout     = 15 * time.Second
+	pollInterval     = 200 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
+func ServiceUnit() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`[Unit]
+Description=Banger opencode server
+After=network.target
+RequiresMountsFor=/root
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+Environment=HOME=/root
+WorkingDirectory=/root
+ExecStart=%s serve --hostname %s --port %d
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=1
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+`, GuestBinaryPath, Host, Port)
+}
+
+func RunitRunScript() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`#!/bin/sh
+set -e
+export HOME=/root
+cd /root
+exec %s serve --hostname %s --port %d
+`, GuestBinaryPath, Host, Port)
+}
+
+func Ready(listeners []vsockagent.PortListener) bool {
+	for _, listener := range listeners {
+		if strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(listener.Proto)) != "tcp" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if listener.Port == Port {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func WaitReady(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, socketPath string, report func(stage, detail string)) error {
+	return waitReady(ctx, logger, socketPath, ReadyTimeout, report)
+}
+
+func waitReady(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, socketPath string, timeout time.Duration, report func(stage, detail string)) error {
+	waitCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(pollInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	var lastErr error
+	for {
+		portsCtx, portsCancel := context.WithTimeout(waitCtx, 3*time.Second)
+		listeners, err := vsockagent.Ports(portsCtx, logger, socketPath)
+		portsCancel()
+		if err == nil {
+			if Ready(listeners) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			if report != nil {
+				report("wait_opencode", fmt.Sprintf("waiting for opencode on guest port %d", Port))
+			}
+			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("guest port %d is not listening yet", Port)
+		} else {
+			if report != nil {
+				report("wait_vsock_agent", "waiting for guest vsock agent")
+			}
+			lastErr = err
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-waitCtx.Done():
+			if lastErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("opencode server did not become ready on guest port %d: %w", Port, lastErr)
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("opencode server did not become ready on guest port %d before timeout", Port)
+		case <-ticker.C:
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/opencode/opencode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package opencode
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"banger/internal/vsockagent"
+)
+
+func TestServiceUnitContainsExpectedExecStart(t *testing.T) {
+	unit := ServiceUnit()
+	for _, snippet := range []string{
+		"RequiresMountsFor=/root",
+		"WorkingDirectory=/root",
+		"Environment=HOME=/root",
+		"ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/opencode serve --hostname 0.0.0.0 --port 4096",
+		"WantedBy=multi-user.target",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(unit, snippet) {
+			t.Fatalf("service unit missing snippet %q\nunit:\n%s", snippet, unit)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunitRunScriptContainsExpectedExec(t *testing.T) {
+	script := RunitRunScript()
+	for _, snippet := range []string{
+		"export HOME=/root",
+		"cd /root",
+		"exec /usr/local/bin/opencode serve --hostname 0.0.0.0 --port 4096",
+	} {
+		if !strings.Contains(script, snippet) {
+			t.Fatalf("runit script missing snippet %q\nscript:\n%s", snippet, script)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReadyMatchesTCPPort(t *testing.T) {
+	if Ready([]vsockagent.PortListener{{Proto: "udp", Port: Port}}) {
+		t.Fatal("udp listener should not satisfy readiness")
+	}
+	if Ready([]vsockagent.PortListener{{Proto: "tcp", Port: 8080}}) {
+		t.Fatal("wrong tcp port should not satisfy readiness")
+	}
+	if !Ready([]vsockagent.PortListener{{Proto: "tcp", Port: Port}}) {
+		t.Fatal("tcp listener on opencode port should satisfy readiness")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWaitReadyReturnsWhenPortIsListening(t *testing.T) {
+	socketPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "opencode.vsock")
+	listener, err := net.Listen("unix", socketPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("listen: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = listener.Close()
+		_ = os.Remove(socketPath)
+	})
+
+	serverDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		conn, err := listener.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			serverDone <- err
+			return
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+		buf := make([]byte, 512)
+		n, err := conn.Read(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			serverDone <- err
+			return
+		}
+		if got := string(buf[:n]); got != "CONNECT 42070\n" {
+			serverDone <- fmt.Errorf("unexpected connect message %q", got)
+			return
+		}
+		if _, err := conn.Write([]byte("OK 1\n")); err != nil {
+			serverDone <- err
+			return
+		}
+		reqBuf := make([]byte, 0, 512)
+		for {
+			n, err = conn.Read(buf)
+			if err != nil {
+				serverDone <- err
+				return
+			}
+			reqBuf = append(reqBuf, buf[:n]...)
+			if strings.Contains(string(reqBuf), "\r\n\r\n") {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(string(reqBuf), "GET /ports HTTP/1.1\r\n") {
+			serverDone <- fmt.Errorf("unexpected ports payload %q", string(reqBuf))
+			return
+		}
+		body := []byte(`{"listeners":[{"proto":"tcp","bind_address":"0.0.0.0","port":4096}]}`)
+		_, err = conn.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n\r\n%s", len(body), body)))
+		serverDone <- err
+	}()
+
+	if err := waitReady(context.Background(), nil, socketPath, time.Second, nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("waitReady: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := <-serverDone; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("server: %v", err)
+	}
+}

internal/store/store.go

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ func (s *Store) migrate() error {
 			modules_dir TEXT,
 			packages_path TEXT,
 			build_size TEXT,
+			seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint TEXT,
 			docker INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
 			created_at TEXT NOT NULL,
 			updated_at TEXT NOT NULL
@@ -107,6 +108,9 @@ func (s *Store) migrate() error {
 	if err := ensureColumnExists(s.db, "images", "work_seed_path", "TEXT"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if err := ensureColumnExists(s.db, "images", "seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint", "TEXT"); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -116,8 +120,8 @@ func (s *Store) UpsertImage(ctx context.Context, image model.Image) error {
 	const query = `
 	INSERT INTO images (
 		id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path,
-		modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, docker, created_at, updated_at
-	) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint, docker, created_at, updated_at
+	) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
 	ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET
 		name=excluded.name,
 		managed=excluded.managed,
@@ -129,6 +133,7 @@ func (s *Store) UpsertImage(ctx context.Context, image model.Image) error {
 		modules_dir=excluded.modules_dir,
 		packages_path=excluded.packages_path,
 		build_size=excluded.build_size,
+		seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint=excluded.seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint,
 		docker=excluded.docker,
 		updated_at=excluded.updated_at`
 	_, err := s.db.ExecContext(ctx, query,
@@ -143,6 +148,7 @@ func (s *Store) UpsertImage(ctx context.Context, image model.Image) error {
 		image.ModulesDir,
 		image.PackagesPath,
 		image.BuildSize,
+		image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint,
 		boolToInt(image.Docker),
 		image.CreatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
 		image.UpdatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339),
@@ -151,15 +157,15 @@ func (s *Store) UpsertImage(ctx context.Context, image model.Image) error {
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetImageByName(ctx context.Context, name string) (model.Image, error) {
-	return s.getImage(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images WHERE name = ?", name)
+	return s.getImage(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images WHERE name = ?", name)
 }
 
 func (s *Store) GetImageByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (model.Image, error) {
-	return s.getImage(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images WHERE id = ?", id)
+	return s.getImage(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images WHERE id = ?", id)
 }
 
 func (s *Store) ListImages(ctx context.Context) ([]model.Image, error) {
-	rows, err := s.db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images ORDER BY created_at ASC")
+	rows, err := s.db.QueryContext(ctx, "SELECT id, name, managed, artifact_dir, rootfs_path, work_seed_path, kernel_path, initrd_path, modules_dir, packages_path, build_size, seeded_ssh_public_key_fingerprint, docker, created_at, updated_at FROM images ORDER BY created_at ASC")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -337,6 +343,7 @@ func scanImageRow(row scanner) (model.Image, error) {
 	var image model.Image
 	var managed, docker int
 	var workSeedPath sql.NullString
+	var seededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint sql.NullString
 	var createdAt, updatedAt string
 	err := row.Scan(
 		&image.ID,
@@ -350,6 +357,7 @@ func scanImageRow(row scanner) (model.Image, error) {
 		&image.ModulesDir,
 		&image.PackagesPath,
 		&image.BuildSize,
+		&seededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint,
 		&docker,
 		&createdAt,
 		&updatedAt,
@@ -360,6 +368,7 @@ func scanImageRow(row scanner) (model.Image, error) {
 	image.Managed = managed == 1
 	image.Docker = docker == 1
 	image.WorkSeedPath = workSeedPath.String
+	image.SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint = seededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint.String
 	image.CreatedAt, err = time.Parse(time.RFC3339, createdAt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return image, err

internal/store/store_test.go

@@ -335,20 +335,21 @@ func openTestStore(t *testing.T) *Store {
 func sampleImage(name string) model.Image {
 	now := fixedTime()
 	return model.Image{
-		ID:           name + "-id",
-		Name:         name,
-		Managed:      true,
-		ArtifactDir:  "/artifacts/" + name,
-		RootfsPath:   "/images/" + name + ".ext4",
-		WorkSeedPath: "/images/" + name + ".work-seed.ext4",
-		KernelPath:   "/kernels/" + name,
-		InitrdPath:   "/initrd/" + name,
-		ModulesDir:   "/modules/" + name,
-		PackagesPath: "/packages/" + name + ".apt",
-		BuildSize:    "8G",
-		Docker:       true,
-		CreatedAt:    now,
-		UpdatedAt:    now,
+		ID:                            name + "-id",
+		Name:                          name,
+		Managed:                       true,
+		ArtifactDir:                   "/artifacts/" + name,
+		RootfsPath:                    "/images/" + name + ".ext4",
+		WorkSeedPath:                  "/images/" + name + ".work-seed.ext4",
+		KernelPath:                    "/kernels/" + name,
+		InitrdPath:                    "/initrd/" + name,
+		ModulesDir:                    "/modules/" + name,
+		PackagesPath:                  "/packages/" + name + ".apt",
+		BuildSize:                     "8G",
+		SeededSSHPublicKeyFingerprint: "seeded-fingerprint",
+		Docker:                        true,
+		CreatedAt:                     now,
+		UpdatedAt:                     now,
 	}
 }
 

internal/system/system.go

@@ -397,9 +397,10 @@ func UpdateFSTab(existing string) string {
 
 func BuildBootArgs(vmName, guestIP, bridgeIP, dns string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
-		"console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 pci=off root=/dev/vda rw ip=%s::%s:255.255.255.0::eth0:off:%s hostname=%s systemd.mask=home.mount systemd.mask=var.mount",
+		"console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 pci=off root=/dev/vda rw ip=%s::%s:255.255.255.0:%s:eth0:off:%s hostname=%s systemd.mask=home.mount systemd.mask=var.mount",
 		guestIP,
 		bridgeIP,
+		vmName,
 		dns,
 		vmName,
 	)

internal/system/system_test.go

@@ -167,6 +167,16 @@ func TestReadNormalizedLines(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBuildBootArgsIncludesHostnameInIPField(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	got := BuildBootArgs("devbox", "172.16.0.2", "172.16.0.1", "1.1.1.1")
+	want := "console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 pci=off root=/dev/vda rw ip=172.16.0.2::172.16.0.1:255.255.255.0:devbox:eth0:off:1.1.1.1 hostname=devbox systemd.mask=home.mount systemd.mask=var.mount"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("BuildBootArgs() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteExt4FileRemovesTempFileAndReturnsCopyError(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 

make-rootfs-void.sh

@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ Defaults:
   --arch     x86_64
   --packages ./packages.void
 
-This path is experimental and local-only. It reuses the current runtime bundle
-kernel/initrd/modules and does not change the default Debian image flow.
+This path is experimental and local-only. If ./runtime/void-kernel exists it
+uses the staged Void kernel modules from that directory; otherwise it falls back
+to the current runtime bundle modules. It does not change the default Debian
+image flow.
 EOF
 }
 
@@ -85,6 +87,14 @@ bundle_path() {
   printf '%s\n' "$fallback"
 }
 
+find_latest_module_dir() {
+  local root="$1"
+  if [[ ! -d "$root" ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  find "$root" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | sort | tail -n 1
+}
+
 find_static_binary() {
   local name="$1"
   find "$STATIC_DIR" -type f \( -name "$name" -o -name "$name.static" \) -perm -u+x | sort | head -n 1
@@ -94,6 +104,15 @@ find_static_keys_dir() {
   find "$STATIC_DIR" -type d -path '*/var/db/xbps/keys' | sort | head -n 1
 }
 
+install_root_authorized_key() {
+  local public_key
+  public_key="$(ssh-keygen -y -f "$SSH_KEY")"
+  sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/root/.ssh"
+  printf '%s\n' "$public_key" | sudo tee "$ROOT_MOUNT/root/.ssh/authorized_keys" >/dev/null
+  sudo chmod 700 "$ROOT_MOUNT/root/.ssh"
+  sudo chmod 600 "$ROOT_MOUNT/root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
+}
+
 ensure_sshd_include() {
   local cfg="$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/ssh/sshd_config"
   local tmp_cfg="$TMP_DIR/sshd_config"
@@ -137,6 +156,34 @@ EOF
   sudo ln -snf /etc/sv/banger-vsock-agent "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/runit/runsvdir/default/banger-vsock-agent"
 }
 
+install_opencode_service() {
+  local service_dir="$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/sv/banger-opencode"
+  local run_path="$service_dir/run"
+  local finish_path="$service_dir/finish"
+
+  sudo mkdir -p "$service_dir"
+  cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee "$run_path" >/dev/null
+#!/bin/sh
+set -e
+export HOME=/root
+cd /root
+exec /usr/local/bin/opencode serve --hostname 0.0.0.0 --port 4096
+EOF
+  cat <<'EOF' | sudo tee "$finish_path" >/dev/null
+#!/bin/sh
+exit 0
+EOF
+  sudo chmod 0755 "$run_path" "$finish_path"
+  sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/runit/runsvdir/default"
+  sudo ln -snf /etc/sv/banger-opencode "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/runit/runsvdir/default/banger-opencode"
+}
+
+install_guest_network_bootstrap() {
+  sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/usr/local/libexec" "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/runit/core-services"
+  sudo install -m 0755 "$GUESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT" "$ROOT_MOUNT/usr/local/libexec/banger-network-bootstrap"
+  sudo install -m 0644 "$GUESTNET_VOID_CORE_SERVICE" "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/runit/core-services/20-banger-network.sh"
+}
+
 configure_docker_bootstrap() {
   local modules_conf="$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/modules-load.d/docker-netfilter.conf"
   local sysctl_conf="$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/sysctl.d/99-docker.conf"
@@ -346,6 +393,7 @@ if [[ ! -d "$RUNTIME_DIR" ]]; then
 fi
 
 BUNDLE_METADATA="$RUNTIME_DIR/bundle.json"
+SSH_KEY="$(bundle_path ssh_key_path "$RUNTIME_DIR/id_ed25519")"
 OUT_ROOTFS="$RUNTIME_DIR/rootfs-void.ext4"
 SIZE_SPEC="2G"
 MIRROR="https://repo-default.voidlinux.org"
@@ -353,11 +401,17 @@ ARCH="x86_64"
 MISE_VERSION="v2025.12.0"
 MISE_INSTALL_PATH="/usr/local/bin/mise"
 OPENCODE_TOOL="github:anomalyco/opencode"
+GUESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT="$SCRIPT_DIR/internal/guestnet/assets/bootstrap.sh"
+GUESTNET_VOID_CORE_SERVICE="$SCRIPT_DIR/internal/guestnet/assets/void-core-service.sh"
 MODULES_DIR="$(bundle_path default_modules_dir "$RUNTIME_DIR/wtf/root/lib/modules/6.8.0-94-generic")"
+VOID_KERNEL_MODULES_DIR="$(find_latest_module_dir "$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel/lib/modules" || true)"
 VSOCK_AGENT="$(bundle_path vsock_agent_path "$RUNTIME_DIR/banger-vsock-agent")"
 if [[ "$VSOCK_AGENT" == "$RUNTIME_DIR/banger-vsock-agent" && ! -x "$VSOCK_AGENT" ]]; then
   VSOCK_AGENT="$(bundle_path vsock_ping_helper_path "$RUNTIME_DIR/banger-vsock-pingd")"
 fi
+if [[ -n "$VOID_KERNEL_MODULES_DIR" ]]; then
+  MODULES_DIR="$VOID_KERNEL_MODULES_DIR"
+fi
 
 while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
@@ -417,6 +471,14 @@ if [[ ! -x "$VSOCK_AGENT" ]]; then
   log "run 'make build' or refresh the runtime bundle"
   exit 1
 fi
+if [[ ! -f "$GUESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT" ]]; then
+  log "guest network bootstrap script not found: $GUESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ ! -f "$GUESTNET_VOID_CORE_SERVICE" ]]; then
+  log "guest network core-service shim not found: $GUESTNET_VOID_CORE_SERVICE"
+  exit 1
+fi
 if [[ -e "$OUT_ROOTFS" ]]; then
   log "output rootfs already exists: $OUT_ROOTFS"
   exit 1
@@ -426,6 +488,7 @@ require_command curl
 require_command tar
 require_command sudo
 require_command mkfs.ext4
+require_command ssh-keygen
 require_command mount
 require_command umount
 require_command install
@@ -498,7 +561,11 @@ if [[ -n "$XBPS_QUERY" && -x "$XBPS_QUERY" ]]; then
   sudo env XBPS_ARCH="$ARCH" "$XBPS_QUERY" -r "$ROOT_MOUNT" -l | awk '/^ii/ {print "  " $2}' || true
 fi
 
-log "copying bundled kernel modules into the guest"
+if [[ -n "$VOID_KERNEL_MODULES_DIR" ]]; then
+  log "copying staged Void kernel modules into the guest"
+else
+  log "copying bundled kernel modules into the guest"
+fi
 sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/lib/modules"
 sudo cp -a "$MODULES_DIR" "$ROOT_MOUNT/lib/modules/"
 
@@ -507,6 +574,7 @@ sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/usr/local/bin"
 sudo install -m 0755 "$VSOCK_AGENT" "$ROOT_MOUNT/usr/local/bin/banger-vsock-agent"
 
 log "preparing SSH and runit services"
+install_guest_network_bootstrap
 ensure_sshd_include
 enable_sshd_service
 install_vsock_service
@@ -516,7 +584,8 @@ normalize_root_shell
 configure_root_bash_prompt
 log "installing mise and opencode"
 install_mise_and_opencode
-sudo mkdir -p "$ROOT_MOUNT/root/.ssh"
+install_opencode_service
+install_root_authorized_key
 sudo touch "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/fstab" "$ROOT_MOUNT/etc/hostname"
 sudo chroot "$ROOT_MOUNT" /usr/bin/ssh-keygen -A
 

make-void-kernel.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+log() {
+  printf '[make-void-kernel] %s\n' "$*"
+}
+
+usage() {
+  cat <<'EOF'
+Usage: ./make-void-kernel.sh [--out-dir <path>] [--mirror <url>] [--arch <arch>] [--kernel-package <name>] [--print-register-flags]
+
+Download and stage a Void Linux kernel under ./runtime/void-kernel for the
+experimental Void guest flow.
+
+Defaults:
+  --out-dir         ./runtime/void-kernel
+  --mirror          https://repo-default.voidlinux.org
+  --arch            x86_64
+  --kernel-package  linux6.12
+
+The staged output contains:
+  boot/vmlinux-<version>     Firecracker-usable kernel extracted from vmlinuz
+  boot/vmlinuz-<version>     Raw distro boot image from the Void package
+  boot/initramfs-<version>.img  Matching initramfs generated with dracut
+  boot/config-<version>      Void kernel config
+  lib/modules/<version>/     Matching kernel modules tree
+
+If --print-register-flags is passed, the script does not download anything. It
+prints the banger image register flags for an existing staged Void kernel.
+EOF
+}
+
+require_command() {
+  local name="$1"
+  command -v "$name" >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+    log "required command not found: $name"
+    exit 1
+  }
+}
+
+normalize_mirror() {
+  local mirror="${1%/}"
+  mirror="${mirror%/current}"
+  mirror="${mirror%/static}"
+  printf '%s\n' "$mirror"
+}
+
+find_static_binary() {
+  local name="$1"
+  find "$STATIC_DIR" -type f \( -name "$name" -o -name "$name.static" \) -perm -u+x | sort | head -n 1
+}
+
+find_static_keys_dir() {
+  find "$STATIC_DIR" -type d -path '*/var/db/xbps/keys' | sort | head -n 1
+}
+
+find_latest_matching() {
+  local dir="$1"
+  local pattern="$2"
+  if [[ ! -d "$dir" ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  find "$dir" -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "$pattern" | sort | tail -n 1
+}
+
+find_latest_module_dir() {
+  local root="$1"
+  if [[ ! -d "$root" ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  find "$root" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | sort | tail -n 1
+}
+
+print_register_flags() {
+  local kernel=""
+  local initrd=""
+  local modules=""
+
+  kernel="$(find_latest_matching "$OUT_DIR/boot" 'vmlinux-*' || true)"
+  initrd="$(find_latest_matching "$OUT_DIR/boot" 'initramfs-*' || true)"
+  modules="$(find_latest_module_dir "$OUT_DIR/lib/modules" || true)"
+
+  if [[ -z "$kernel" || -z "$modules" ]]; then
+    log "staged Void kernel not found under $OUT_DIR"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  printf -- '--kernel %q ' "$kernel"
+  if [[ -n "$initrd" ]]; then
+    printf -- '--initrd %q ' "$initrd"
+  fi
+  printf -- '--modules %q\n' "$modules"
+}
+
+check_elf() {
+  local path="$1"
+  readelf -h "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+ensure_stage_root_layout() {
+  mkdir -p "$STAGE_ROOT/usr"
+
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/bin" ]]; then
+    ln -snf usr/bin "$STAGE_ROOT/bin"
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/sbin" ]]; then
+    ln -snf usr/bin "$STAGE_ROOT/sbin"
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/sbin" ]]; then
+    ln -snf bin "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/sbin"
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/lib" ]]; then
+    ln -snf usr/lib "$STAGE_ROOT/lib"
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/lib64" ]]; then
+    ln -snf usr/lib "$STAGE_ROOT/lib64"
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib64" ]]; then
+    ln -snf lib "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib64"
+  fi
+  if [[ -x "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/bin/udevd" ]]; then
+    mkdir -p "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/udev" "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/systemd"
+    if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/udev/udevd" ]]; then
+      ln -snf ../../bin/udevd "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/udev/udevd"
+    fi
+    if [[ ! -e "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd" ]]; then
+      ln -snf ../../bin/udevd "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd"
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+sync_host_dracut_tree() {
+  if [[ ! -d /usr/lib/dracut ]]; then
+    log "host dracut support files not found under /usr/lib/dracut"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  rm -rf "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/dracut"
+  mkdir -p "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib"
+  cp -a /usr/lib/dracut "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/dracut"
+}
+
+build_initramfs() {
+  local kver="$1"
+  local modules_dir="$2"
+  local out="$3"
+  local config_dir="$TMP_DIR/dracut.conf.d"
+  local tmpdir="$TMP_DIR/dracut-tmp"
+  local force_drivers="virtio virtio_ring virtio_mmio virtio_blk virtio_net virtio_console ext4 vsock vmw_vsock_virtio_transport"
+
+  mkdir -p "$config_dir" "$tmpdir"
+  ensure_stage_root_layout
+  sync_host_dracut_tree
+
+  log "generating initramfs for kernel $kver with host dracut against the staged Void sysroot"
+  env dracutbasedir="/usr/lib/dracut" dracut \
+    --force \
+    --kver "$kver" \
+    --sysroot "$STAGE_ROOT" \
+    --kmoddir "$modules_dir" \
+    --conf /dev/null \
+    --confdir "$config_dir" \
+    --tmpdir "$tmpdir" \
+    --no-hostonly \
+    --filesystems "ext4" \
+    --force-drivers "$force_drivers" \
+    --gzip \
+    "$out"
+}
+
+extract_vmlinux() {
+  local image="$1"
+  local out="$2"
+  local tmp="$TMP_DIR/vmlinux.extract"
+
+  if check_elf "$image"; then
+    install -m 0644 "$image" "$out"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  try_decompress() {
+    local header="$1"
+    local marker="$2"
+    local command="$3"
+    local pos=""
+
+    while IFS= read -r pos; do
+      [[ -n "$pos" ]] || continue
+      pos="${pos%%:*}"
+      tail -c+"$pos" "$image" | eval "$command" >"$tmp" 2>/dev/null || true
+      if check_elf "$tmp"; then
+        install -m 0644 "$tmp" "$out"
+        return 0
+      fi
+    done < <(tr "$header\n$marker" "\n$marker=" < "$image" | grep -abo "^$marker" || true)
+
+    return 1
+  }
+
+  try_decompress '\037\213\010' "xy" "gunzip" && return 0
+  try_decompress '\3757zXZ\000' "abcde" "unxz" && return 0
+  try_decompress "BZh" "xy" "bunzip2" && return 0
+  try_decompress '\135\000\000\000' "xxx" "unlzma" && return 0
+  try_decompress '\002!L\030' "xxx" "lz4 -d" && return 0
+  try_decompress '(\265/\375' "xxx" "unzstd" && return 0
+
+  return 1
+}
+
+resolve_kernel_package_file() {
+  local escaped_name=""
+  escaped_name="$(printf '%s\n' "$KERNEL_PACKAGE" | sed 's/[.[\*^$()+?{|]/\\&/g')"
+
+  curl -fsSL "$REPO_URL/" |
+    grep -o "${escaped_name}-[0-9][^\" >]*\\.${ARCH}\\.xbps" |
+    sort -u |
+    tail -n 1
+}
+
+cleanup() {
+  if [[ -n "${TMP_DIR:-}" && -d "${TMP_DIR:-}" ]]; then
+    rm -rf "$TMP_DIR"
+  fi
+}
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR"
+if [[ -d "$SCRIPT_DIR/runtime" ]]; then
+  DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/runtime"
+fi
+RUNTIME_DIR="${BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR:-$DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR}"
+OUT_DIR="$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel"
+MIRROR="https://repo-default.voidlinux.org"
+ARCH="x86_64"
+KERNEL_PACKAGE="linux6.12"
+PRINT_REGISTER_FLAGS=0
+
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --out-dir)
+      OUT_DIR="${2:-}"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --mirror)
+      MIRROR="${2:-}"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --arch)
+      ARCH="${2:-}"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --kernel-package)
+      KERNEL_PACKAGE="${2:-}"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --print-register-flags)
+      PRINT_REGISTER_FLAGS=1
+      shift
+      ;;
+    -h|--help)
+      usage
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    *)
+      log "unknown option: $1"
+      usage
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+MIRROR="$(normalize_mirror "$MIRROR")"
+REPO_URL="$MIRROR/current"
+STATIC_ARCHIVE_URL="$MIRROR/static/xbps-static-latest.x86_64-musl.tar.xz"
+
+if [[ "$PRINT_REGISTER_FLAGS" == "1" ]]; then
+  print_register_flags
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+if [[ "$ARCH" != "x86_64" ]]; then
+  log "unsupported arch: $ARCH"
+  log "this experimental downloader currently supports only x86_64"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ ! -d "$RUNTIME_DIR" ]]; then
+  log "runtime bundle not found: $RUNTIME_DIR"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ -e "$OUT_DIR" ]]; then
+  log "output directory already exists: $OUT_DIR"
+  log "remove it first if you want to re-stage a different Void kernel"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+require_command curl
+require_command tar
+require_command cp
+require_command find
+require_command grep
+require_command cut
+require_command readelf
+require_command file
+require_command install
+require_command tail
+require_command xz
+require_command gzip
+require_command bzip2
+require_command dracut
+
+TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d -t banger-void-kernel-XXXXXX)"
+STATIC_DIR="$TMP_DIR/static"
+STAGE_ROOT="$TMP_DIR/root"
+STAGE_OUT="$TMP_DIR/out"
+STATIC_ARCHIVE="$TMP_DIR/xbps-static.tar.xz"
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+mkdir -p "$STATIC_DIR" "$STAGE_ROOT/var/db/xbps/keys" "$STAGE_OUT/boot" "$STAGE_OUT/lib/modules"
+
+log "downloading static XBPS from $STATIC_ARCHIVE_URL"
+curl -fsSL "$STATIC_ARCHIVE_URL" -o "$STATIC_ARCHIVE"
+tar -xf "$STATIC_ARCHIVE" -C "$STATIC_DIR"
+
+XBPS_INSTALL="$(find_static_binary xbps-install)"
+STATIC_KEYS_DIR="$(find_static_keys_dir)"
+if [[ -z "$XBPS_INSTALL" || ! -x "$XBPS_INSTALL" ]]; then
+  log "failed to locate xbps-install in the static archive"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ -z "$STATIC_KEYS_DIR" || ! -d "$STATIC_KEYS_DIR" ]]; then
+  log "failed to locate Void repository keys in the static archive"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+cp -a "$STATIC_KEYS_DIR/." "$STAGE_ROOT/var/db/xbps/keys/"
+
+KERNEL_PACKAGE_FILE="$(resolve_kernel_package_file)"
+if [[ -z "$KERNEL_PACKAGE_FILE" ]]; then
+  log "failed to resolve a package file for $KERNEL_PACKAGE in $REPO_URL"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+log "staging $KERNEL_PACKAGE_FILE into a temporary root"
+env XBPS_ARCH="$ARCH" "$XBPS_INSTALL" -S -y -U -r "$STAGE_ROOT" -R "$REPO_URL" linux-base "$KERNEL_PACKAGE" dracut eudev >/dev/null
+
+VMLINUX_RAW="$(find_latest_matching "$STAGE_ROOT/boot" 'vmlinuz-*' || true)"
+KERNEL_CONFIG="$(find_latest_matching "$STAGE_ROOT/boot" 'config-*' || true)"
+MODULES_DIR="$(find_latest_module_dir "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/lib/modules" || true)"
+KERNEL_VERSION="$(basename "$MODULES_DIR")"
+INITRAMFS_NAME="initramfs-${KERNEL_VERSION}.img"
+INITRAMFS_RAW="$STAGE_OUT/boot/$INITRAMFS_NAME"
+
+if [[ -z "$VMLINUX_RAW" || -z "$KERNEL_CONFIG" || -z "$MODULES_DIR" ]]; then
+  log "staged Void kernel is missing expected boot artifacts"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ ! -x "$STAGE_ROOT/usr/bin/udevd" ]]; then
+  log "staged Void sysroot is missing /usr/bin/udevd after package install"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+VMLINUX_BASE="$(basename "$VMLINUX_RAW")"
+VMLINUX_OUT="$STAGE_OUT/boot/vmlinux-${VMLINUX_BASE#vmlinuz-}"
+install -m 0644 "$VMLINUX_RAW" "$STAGE_OUT/boot/$VMLINUX_BASE"
+install -m 0644 "$KERNEL_CONFIG" "$STAGE_OUT/boot/$(basename "$KERNEL_CONFIG")"
+build_initramfs "$KERNEL_VERSION" "$MODULES_DIR" "$INITRAMFS_RAW"
+cp -a "$MODULES_DIR" "$STAGE_OUT/lib/modules/"
+
+log "extracting Firecracker kernel from $(basename "$VMLINUX_RAW")"
+if ! extract_vmlinux "$VMLINUX_RAW" "$VMLINUX_OUT"; then
+  log "failed to extract an uncompressed vmlinux from $VMLINUX_RAW"
+  log "raw kernel image type: $(file -b "$VMLINUX_RAW")"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+cat >"$STAGE_OUT/metadata.json" <<EOF
+{
+  "package": "$KERNEL_PACKAGE_FILE",
+  "kernel_path": "$OUT_DIR/boot/$(basename "$VMLINUX_OUT")",
+  "raw_kernel_path": "$OUT_DIR/boot/$VMLINUX_BASE",
+  "config_path": "$OUT_DIR/boot/$(basename "$KERNEL_CONFIG")",
+  "initrd_path": "$OUT_DIR/boot/$INITRAMFS_NAME",
+  "modules_dir": "$OUT_DIR/lib/modules/$(basename "$MODULES_DIR")"
+}
+EOF
+
+mv "$STAGE_OUT" "$OUT_DIR"
+
+log "staged Void kernel artifacts in $OUT_DIR"
+log "kernel image: $OUT_DIR/boot/$(basename "$VMLINUX_OUT")"
+log "initrd image: $OUT_DIR/boot/$INITRAMFS_NAME"
+log "modules dir: $OUT_DIR/lib/modules/$(basename "$MODULES_DIR")"

register-void-image.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+log() {
+  printf '[register-void-image] %s\n' "$*" >&2
+}
+
+find_latest_matching() {
+  local dir="$1"
+  local pattern="$2"
+  if [[ ! -d "$dir" ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  find "$dir" -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "$pattern" | sort | tail -n 1
+}
+
+find_latest_module_dir() {
+  local root="$1"
+  if [[ ! -d "$root" ]]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  find "$root" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d | sort | tail -n 1
+}
+
+resolve_banger_bin() {
+  if [[ -n "${BANGER_BIN:-}" ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "$BANGER_BIN"
+    return
+  fi
+  if [[ -x "$SCRIPT_DIR/banger" ]]; then
+    printf '%s\n' "$SCRIPT_DIR/banger"
+    return
+  fi
+  if command -v banger >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    command -v banger
+    return
+  fi
+  log "banger binary not found; build it first with 'make build' or set BANGER_BIN"
+  exit 1
+}
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR"
+if [[ -d "$SCRIPT_DIR/runtime" ]]; then
+  DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/runtime"
+fi
+
+RUNTIME_DIR="${BANGER_RUNTIME_DIR:-$DEFAULT_RUNTIME_DIR}"
+IMAGE_NAME="${VOID_IMAGE_NAME:-void-exp}"
+BANGER_BIN="$(resolve_banger_bin)"
+ROOTFS="$RUNTIME_DIR/rootfs-void.ext4"
+WORK_SEED="$RUNTIME_DIR/rootfs-void.work-seed.ext4"
+PACKAGES="$SCRIPT_DIR/packages.void"
+
+if [[ ! -f "$ROOTFS" ]]; then
+  log "missing Void rootfs: $ROOTFS"
+  exit 1
+fi
+if [[ ! -f "$WORK_SEED" ]]; then
+  log "missing Void work-seed: $WORK_SEED"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+args=(
+  image register
+  --name "$IMAGE_NAME"
+  --rootfs "$ROOTFS"
+  --work-seed "$WORK_SEED"
+  --packages "$PACKAGES"
+)
+
+if [[ ! -d "$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel" ]]; then
+  log "missing staged Void kernel artifacts: $RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel"
+  log "run 'make void-kernel' before registering $IMAGE_NAME"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+kernel="$(find_latest_matching "$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel/boot" 'vmlinux-*' || true)"
+initrd="$(find_latest_matching "$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel/boot" 'initramfs-*' || true)"
+modules="$(find_latest_module_dir "$RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel/lib/modules" || true)"
+
+if [[ -z "$kernel" || -z "$initrd" || -z "$modules" ]]; then
+  log "staged Void kernel is incomplete; expected vmlinux, initramfs, and modules under $RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+log "using staged Void kernel artifacts from $RUNTIME_DIR/void-kernel"
+args+=(--kernel "$kernel" --initrd "$initrd" --modules "$modules")
+
+"$BANGER_BIN" "${args[@]}"

verify.sh

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ SSH_COMMON_ARGS=(
   -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
   -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null
 )
+OPENCODE_PORT=4096
 
 firecracker_running() {
   local pid="$1"
@@ -68,6 +69,21 @@ wait_for_ssh() {
   return 1
 }
 
+wait_for_tcp() {
+  local host="$1"
+  local port="$2"
+  local deadline="$3"
+
+  while ((SECONDS < deadline)); do
+    if (exec 3<>/dev/tcp/"$host"/"$port") >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      return 0
+    fi
+    sleep 1
+  done
+
+  return 1
+}
+
 refresh_vm_metadata() {
   if ! VM_JSON="$(./banger vm show "$VM_NAME" 2>/dev/null)"; then
     return 1
@@ -240,9 +256,21 @@ if ! wait_for_ssh "$GUEST_IP" "$BOOT_DEADLINE"; then
 fi
 ssh "${SSH_COMMON_ARGS[@]}" "root@${GUEST_IP}" "uname -a" >/dev/null
 
-if [[ "$IMAGE_NAME" == "void-exp" ]]; then
-  log "asserting mise and opencode are available in the Void guest"
-  ssh "${SSH_COMMON_ARGS[@]}" "root@${GUEST_IP}" "command -v mise >/dev/null 2>&1 && command -v opencode >/dev/null 2>&1 && mise --version >/dev/null 2>&1 && opencode --version >/dev/null 2>&1" >/dev/null
+log "asserting opencode is available and listening in the guest"
+ssh "${SSH_COMMON_ARGS[@]}" "root@${GUEST_IP}" "command -v opencode >/dev/null 2>&1 && ss -H -lntp | awk '\$4 ~ /:${OPENCODE_PORT}\$/ { found = 1 } END { exit found ? 0 : 1 }'" >/dev/null
+
+log "asserting opencode server is reachable from the host"
+if ! wait_for_tcp "$GUEST_IP" "$OPENCODE_PORT" "$BOOT_DEADLINE"; then
+  log "opencode server did not become reachable at ${GUEST_IP}:${OPENCODE_PORT}"
+  dump_diagnostics
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+log "asserting opencode port is reported by banger vm ports"
+if ! ./banger vm ports "$VM_NAME" | grep -F ":${OPENCODE_PORT}" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  log "banger vm ports did not report ${OPENCODE_PORT}"
+  dump_diagnostics
+  exit 1
 fi
 
 if (( NAT_ENABLED )); then